We used 2 litres of methanol to 10 litres of vegetable oil, and 3.5 grams of NaOH per litre of oil -- 35 grams for 10 litres. Follow the instructions above. The drum has a bottom drain fitted with a 6"-high 3/4" standpipe (15cm-high x 1.9cm), which leaves any sediment on the bottom of the drum undisturbed. See also: Allow to settle for 12-24 hours (longer is better). No need to filter it. The law requires excise duty to be charged on litres measured at a standard temperature of 15C, known as standard litres. At worst the car simply stops, starved of fuel. A small homebrewing operation can fit in the corner of a garage, within the . Now that you have a feel for the process and know what to expect, you'll have a much better idea of what sort of processor you want than if you'd started off building the processor (as many do) rather than learning the process first. You might have to adjust it. -- Joe Street, Biofuel mailing list, July 2006 Use a spare blender you don't need or get a cheap second-hand one -- cheap because it might not last very long, but it will get you going until you build something better. Here's another way, from Aleks Kac -- it uses less energy and doesn't risk forming more Free Fatty Acids (see below) by overheating. Most ethanol is plant-based (though some is also made from petroleum), and you can make it yourself. -- Chris Tan Make your first test batch Our biodiesel surpasses the standards requirements though, made in a $100 homebuilt processor, with no need for a centrifuge. Biofuels supplies and suppliers According to US EPA studies methyl esters biodiesel is less toxic than table salt and more biodegradable than sugar. Low cetane-number fuel in a diesel causes ignition delay and makes the engine knock. Methanol and Plants http://www.jtbaker.com/msds/englishhtml/M2015.htm Organic vapor cartridge respirators are more or less useless against methanol vapors. -- Ken Provost, Biofuel mailing list, "Re: washing?" As soon as the process is completed, pour the mixture from the blender or the mini-processor into the 2-litre PET bottle for settling and screw on the lid tightly. If you're careful and sensible and treat it with caution it won't harm you either. We don't have much time for centrifuges either, for similar reasons. It's all quite simple really, very few biodiesel homebrewers are chemists or technicians, there's nothing a layman can't understand, and do, and do it well. The US biodiesel standard specifies a cetane number higher than 47, the EU standard specifies higher than 51. The process is called transesterification. PET bottle mixers Biodiesel is a good solvent -- it tends to free the dirt and clean it out. In fact life is already easier -- people who start off making 40-gallon batches often never learn the accuracy and discipline that comes from making one-litre test batches first. See Biodiesel and your vehicle. Myth: Measure out the lye and mix it with the methanol to make sodium methoxide or potassium methoxide -- it will get slightly hotter and take a little longer to mix as there's more lye this time. This eliminates the tediousness of having to constantly backtrack to where the new concept was introduced." The reaction started immediately, the mixture rapidly transforming into a clear, golden liquid. Block it again with your finger when it reaches the biodiesel. The mixture gets quite hot at first, but the container is kept closed and no fumes escape. (It's toxic mainly to humans and monkeys.) (Wooden chopsticks make good stirrers for titration.) Use for wash water - methanol Bioethanol can only be imported into an excise warehouse if its intended for blending to make bioethanol blend or for use in the production of biodiesel. Use a spare blender you don't need or get a cheap second-hand one -- cheap because it might not last very long, but it will get you going until you build something better. The answer is to be more careful with the titration: do it two or three times at first, until you've had more practice and perfected your technique. Titration results, left to right: 2.2 ml, 29.5 ml, 1.7 ml, 0.9 ml, 13 ml Always have running water handy. In our view, the difference between methanol and the really dangerous chemicals is that although methanol is poisonous, it's a natural chemical, you'd find it in the Garden of Eden too. Stock methoxide solution Make your own biodiesel The methoxide is mixed like this -- Methoxide the easy way, which also happens to be the safe way. Best get 99% pure isopropanol from a chemicals supplier. Add ethanol/catalyst mixture to the oil and stir the mixture vigorously. For fire risks, see Hazards This did a good job without splashing. Biodiesel For older vehicles this is likely to be via online or telephone enquiry services. Buy top-quality methanol and lye from a chemicals supplies company or laboratory supplies company; high-quality lye can also be bought from soapmakers' suppliers. Glycerine pre-wash There are two main categories of biofuel; biodiesel and bio-alcohol. Straight vegetable oil En espaol -- Biocombustibles, biodiesel After settling, carefully decant the top layer of biodiesel into a clean jar or PET bottle, taking care not to get any of the glycerine layer mixed up with the biodiesel. More information on denatured alcohol is available in Production, distribution and use of denatured alcohol (Excise Notice 473). For beginners starting out with small, 1-litre test batches it's best to buy top-quality chemicals from a chemicals supplies company. Yes, if you use a good system. Once you've mastered small test batches with new oil that pass the quality control checks provided, you'll learn how to make test batches of used oil (WVO) that also pass the quality checks. Waste oil is more appealing than using new oil, but it's also more complicated. It's also the main ingredient in the fuel kids use in their model aero engines. Excise duty is not chargeable if you set aside or use biofuel: See section 5 regarding the mixing of biodiesel and bioblend with rebated heavy oil. The best advice is not to expose yourself to the fumes in the first place. Leave overcooked oils with higher titration levels for later when you have more experience. The biodiesel production capacity increased to about 26.3 billion litres, with an annual production of about 10.5 billion litres (8.3 Mtoe) or 40% of the total capacity (EC, 2014). Water in vegetable oil can exist as free water, which will eventually settle to the bottom of a vessel; as suspended droplets, which may settle if the oil is heated, or the droplets are coalesced; and as water in solution with other impurities in the oil. -- Marty, Biofuel mailing list The droplets are removed most efficiently by coalescing and draining. Two-stage biodiesel process Organic vapor cartridge respirators are more or less useless against methanol vapors. (If you don't have any vinegar handy, just use lots of water.) 8. Lye (both NaOH and KOH) is extremely caustic -- don't get it on your skin or in your eyes, don't breathe any fumes, keep the whole process away from food, and right away from children. Measure out the lye and mix it with the methanol to make sodium methoxide or potassium methoxide -- it will get slightly hotter and take a little longer to mix as there's more lye this time. http://snipurl.com/j94e Next: Make your own biodiesel -- Page 2 Made by fermenting the sugars from plants such as corn or sugarcane, ethanol contains oxygen that helps a car's engine burn fuel more efficiently, reducing air pollution. Contact HMRC if you stop producing any of the fuels mentioned in this notice. Unless released in high concentrations, methanol would not be expected to persist or bioaccumulate in the environment. The finished fuel was washed and dried, and then it was centrifuged, and then samples were sent to the lab for testing. Do diesels have a future? Fact: There is no free methanol in washed biodiesel. Biofuels If you account for your liabilities in this way, you will need to submit a duty account on form HO10 rather than on form HO930. Myth: Otherwise using vegetable oil as fuel requires a professional SVO solution -- or convert the veg-oil biodiesel. When you're confident that you can get good results every time, even using oil from different sources, then it's time to scale up the process to provide your fuel needs. -- Tom Kelly, Biofuel mailing list, April 2006. Follow the instructions, don't add or subtract anything and you will be making quality biodiesel." More about methanol Washing In my own journey of discovery I learned this. Sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide can cause severe burns and death. We used sodium lye drain-cleaner (NaOH, sodium hydroxide) bought in small plastic containers at a local hardware store, not always very fresh. We had difficulty finding pure methanol in Hong Kong, and eventually paid the very high price of US$10 per litre for 5 litres from a wholesale chemical supply company. See Biodiesel processors. Extra washing and settling tanks also help. Start off with a new fuel filter. BIC: BARCGB22 Learn how to make top-quality biodiesel that will pass all the quality standards requirements every time. Ethanol might more commonly be used with gasoline powered vehicles. If it's poor quality oil with a high titration level, heat it first, as in de-watering (above), and then let it settle. The higher the titration level, the more water, impurities and suspensions the oil is likely to contain and the longer it will take to settle. En espaol -- Biocombustibles, biodiesel -- Joe Street, Biofuel mailing list, July 2006 ETBE or petrol blends will not require a further denaturing process, but like bioblend, ETBE or petrol blends must be produced in a tax warehouse. Let it settle for at least 24 hours (or for a week or two). With NaOH it can take from overnight to a few hours to as little as half-an-hour with lots of swirling (but don't be impatient, wait for ALL the lye to dissolve). http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc196.htm -- Greg Harbican and Peter G., Biofuel mailing list, 8 Sep 2004. KOH is easier to use, and it does a better job -- KOH is a better catalyst all-round than NaOH. The rest stays in the biodiesel and is washed out when you wash the fuel, mostly with the first wash. Reclaiming it costs more energy than it's worth -- the first wash-water probably won't contain more than 5-6% methanol (as well as a little sodium or potassium and some soap). Shake the container a few times -- swirl it round rather than shaking it up and down. Many experienced biodiesel makers do test batches with each batch of oil. Out of 1,601 methanol poisonings reported in the US in 1987 the death rate was 0.375%, or 1 in 267 cases. http://snipurl.com/j94f thin enough), and switch back again to the petro-diesel tank before you stop the engine, or you'll coke up the injectors. Few solutions are ideal, in terms of Raoult's law, and in used vegetable oil, there is no way to know what solutes are in the oil. Refined fats and oils have a Free Fatty Acid (FFA) content of less than 0.1%. I pump WVO out of the settled barrel from the top 3/4. Methanol also absorbs water from the atmosphere so do it quickly and replace the lid of the methanol container tightly. This includes producers of 100% heating fuel. > the methanol that was washed out. For discussion see: I estimate that oil at 55-60 deg C can contain as much as 10,000 PPM (that's 1%) water. If you still have difficulties, try to find a source of better-quality oil. Olive oil, peanut oil, palm oil, tallow, lard, can all contain more acids than the standard amount for refined edible oils (less than 0.1%), and extra acid interferes with the biodiesel process. This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. According to US EPA studies methyl esters biodiesel is less toxic than table salt and more biodegradable than sugar. Suppliers of biofuels in the UK can apply to the Department for Transport (DfT) to receive one RTFC for every litre of liquid biofuel or kilogram of biogas they supply. Petroleum diesel leaves a lot of dirt in the tank and the fuel system. Many thousands of biodiesel homebrewers worldwide have been using it for years without serious mishap. The best way is to fit a professional single-tank SVO system with replacement injectors and glowplugs optimised for vegetable oil, as well as fuel heating. The workspace must be thoroughly ventilated. Accurate measurements Not only that, methanol occurs naturally in humans. 1. If you don't have time to wait for the oil to settle, usually 1-2 weeks, it could be worth increasing the WVO supply and reserves to make the time. Make sure the lye is completely dissolved in the methanol. You can also mix it in the processor (just make sure to drain the water-rich glycerine and soap residue afterwards). For higher titration levels, heat the oil to 60 deg C (140 deg F), maintain the temperature for 15 minutes, then allow to cool, and let it settle. Methanol is eliminated from the body as a normal matter of course via the urine and exhaled air and by metabolism. An SVO system costs from about $500 to $1,200 or more. Yes Methanol is in the food we eat, in fresh fruit and vegetables, beer and wine, diet drinks, artificial sweeteners. Anyway washing the fuel is easy. Then you'll be ready to move up to production of full-sized batches of top-quality fuel. Biodiesel usually has a lower melting point (or "cloud point") than the oil it's made from, but if your weather is cool, avoid these oils and fats, at least for your first test batches. I recently helped someone get off the ground making biodiesel. Have a bottle of vinegar handy to neutralise any lye or methoxide you may get on your skin -- rinse it off with vinegar, then rinse thoroughly with water. Follow the instructions above. Home|What people are saying about us|About Handmade Projects There are no reports of carcinogenic, genotoxic, reproductive or developmental effects in humans due to methanol exposure. To tell HMRC, email: morcexciseeast@hmrc.gov.uk. (This might not be the best time to suggest collecting large amounts of oil for full-scale production, leave that for later, unless they suggest it first.) Biodiesel is made from vegetable and animal oils and fats, or triglycerides. Two-stage biodiesel process Biodiesel must be washed before use to remove soaps, excess methanol, residual lye, free glycerine and other contaminants. http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc196.htm Safety Blends of SVO with various solvents, such as mineral turpentine (white spirit), or with various "secret" ingredients, such as naphthalene (mothballs) and xylol (paint-stripper), or with unleaded gasoline, are experimental at best -- little or nothing is known about the effects of these additives on the combustion characteristics of the fuel or their long-term effects on the engine. It is possible to bring the FFA level to zero if you use large amounts of glycerine (if you happen to have accumulated large amounts). For the different name of the same compound, see Ethyl Alcohol. See Scaling up. http://ptcl.chem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/ME/methyl_alcohol.html Methanol as a plant nutrient No later than the chargeable use occurs, record: the amount, in standard litres, of biofuels put to a chargeable use, the amount and rate of duty due on each chargeable use. See: Biodiesel and your vehicle -- Compatability: Filters. -- Methanol test We'd also bought 10 litres of the cheapest new cooking oil we could find -- we don't know what kind of oil it was, the tins only said "Cooking Oil" -- and we used this for our first experiment. Most people use a pH meter or phenolphthalein solution, and that's what we recommend. Don't be put off -- methanol is not dangerous if you're careful, it's easy to do this safely. However, one-litre test batches are not just something for beginners. I allow the WVO to settle in cubies for a week. (A cubie is the 4.5 gal (17.7L) plastic container that veg oil is delivered to restaurants in.) Petroleum diesel leaves a lot of dirt in the tank and the fuel system. You have to start the engine on ordinary petro-diesel (or biodiesel) in one tank and then switch to SVO in the other tank when the veg-oil is hot enough (i.e. You can get it from chemicals suppliers. Safety The physical state of FAME depends on its composition rapeseed is liquid at 0C but palm oil is solid which can affect lowtemperature operation. NOTE: This is a standard World Wide Web document, which means it's hyperlinked. 4. It's also the main ingredient in the fuel kids use in their model aero engines. (It's better to start with smaller one-litre test batches.) If it's 92% pure (more common) use 5.3 grams (5.33), with 90% pure use 5.5 grams (5.454), with 85% pure use 5.8 grams (5.775). Ethanol resources on the Web In fact life is already easier -- people who start off making 40-gallon batches often never learn the accuracy and discipline that comes from making one-litre test batches first. All equipment should be clean and dry. 3rd Floor West Methanol is eliminated from the body as a normal matter of course via the urine and exhaled air and by metabolism. This mixture is sodium methoxide, a powerful corrosive base -- take full safety precautions when working with sodium methoxide, have a source of running water handy, along with a bottle of vinegar -- quench any splashes on the skin with vinegar, thern rinse thoroughly with running water. The more you swirl the container the faster the lye will dissolve. A common warning is that biodiesel, especially 100% biodiesel, will rot any natural or butyl rubber parts in the fuel system, whether fuel lines or injector pump seals, and that they must first be replaced with resistant parts made of Viton. Methanol is eliminated from the body as a normal matter of course via the urine and exhaled air and by metabolism. Using biodiesel In a smaller beaker, dissolve 1 ml of the oil to be tested in 10 ml of pure isopropyl alcohol (isopropanol). Not only that, methanol occurs naturally in humans. Producers should provide evidence by having their fuel regularly tested against all aspects of the specification. But there is quite a lot to learn. Some states in the US now have similar requirements. > the methanol that was washed out. Why isn't it solid? See Scaling up. Results will vary depending upon the nature of the water-soluble impurities in the oil. The higher the titration result and the more acidic the oil, the more water it's likely to contain, and the more difficult it will probably be to remove the water. Getting rid of it takes from a few hours for low doses to a day or two for higher doses. Typically, world biodiesel production is carried out employing methanol (Zhang et al 2003a&b; West et al. No need to filter it. Anyway washing the fuel is easy. Note however that the authors of Methanol Production and Use caution that the application of methanol to crops still requires further study before we all "rush out to spray methanol". Refined fats and oils have a Free Fatty Acid (FFA) content of less than 0.1%. (It's better to start with smaller one-litre test batches.) Quality biodiesel is well-washed biodiesel. Their fuel quality suffers for it, and when they encounter that inevitable "problem batch", they suffer for it too. This oil is very clear and requires very little drying. Here's what Biofuel mailing list member Dale Scroggins says about water removal: 2008; Helwani et al., Methanol and lye are two dangerous chemicals that are required to convert vegetable oil into biodiesel. Methanol is of low toxicity to aquatic and terrestrial organisms and it is not bioaccumulated. You'll find everything you need to know right here. The ensuing. Used oil often has some water in it, and it has to be removed before processing. Have exactly the same kind of bag on the other side of the scale to balance the weight, or adjust the scale for the weight of the bag. The final sediment can be used as fire-starter, or added to the compost pile. If you can't find any of the recommended oils, try the most commonly used cooking oil in your area (refined oil, not raw oil straight from the press). Short answer: Anything from five teaspoons to more than half a pint, but nobody really knows. However, you can apply for authorisation to make payments without a guarantee under EPSS if you meet the eligibility and authorisation criteria. These are dangerous chemicals -- treat them with respect! It's also the main ingredient in the fuel kids use in their model aero engines. Anyway washing the fuel is easy. This did a good job without splashing. We pump both glycerine cocktail and oil at the same time into a separate container. However, one-litre test batches are not just something for beginners. How much to use. Make your own biodiesel It's a basic technique you'll always use. I allow the WVO to settle in cubies for a week. Biodiesel processors Or it might need more than three times as much, 66 grams, 17 teaspoonsful, or maybe more, and even then it'll only kill you if you can't reach a doctor within a day or two, and maybe it still won't kill you. (See above, Mixing the methoxide.) Filtering it is no use, and letting it settle for a few weeks won't help much either. NaOH is used as a drain-cleaner and you can also get it from hardware stores. Boiling off the water is more difficult than it appears on the surface. Then try a small 1-litre test batch first. -- From "Agriculture and Methanol", Chapter 7, Methanol Production and Use, ed. Most of the excess methanol used in the biodiesel process ends up in the glycerine by-product layer, and should be reclaimed for re-use. Water mixed with oil will not boil at the same temperature and pressure as pure water. How much to use. Heating the oil to reaction temperature (I use 58 deg C, 136 deg F) and pulling a vacuum to 27 inches of mercury immediately before the reaction has allowed me to remove water beyond what falls out by heating alone. Acrobat file, 2.1Mb: We had difficulty finding pure methanol in Hong Kong, and eventually paid the very high price of US$10 per litre for 5 litres from a wholesale chemical supply company. Duda's also supplies a WVO Titration Kit, which includes a variety of syringes, beakers, all the titration chemicals and gloves: http://dudadiesel.com/ We let it settle in a dedicated separate tank for about the same time as you would settle glycerine from biodiesel, though longer is better because of the viscosity of wvo. Our first biodiesel The answer is to be more careful with the titration: do it two or three times at first, until you've had more practice and perfected your technique. 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