A view of the valley from the south. Its Institute of Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy will operate the largest cyclotron in the country. The early western influences can be seen in two places, the first is a church in Cmpulung, that showcases distinctly Romanesque styles, and the second are the remnants of a church in Drobeta-Turnu Severin, which has features of the Gothic style. The Balkan Mountains and the beginning of the Iskar Gorge are visible in the distance. Matviyenko supported the construction project of the Gazprom City business center (also called Okhta Center) including a 400-meter skyscraper holding the headquarters of some of Gazprom's subsidiaries on the right bank of the Neva River in the vicinity of the historic Smolny Cathedral. [28] The metropolitan region of Sofia is inhabited by a population of 1.66million. [74] However, a report by the European Court of Auditors issued in September 2018 revealed that Sofia has not drafted any projects to reduce air pollution from heating. Sofia Municipality is identical to Sofia City Province, which is distinct from Sofia Province, which surrounds but does not include the capital itself. Theatre is by far the most popular form of performing art, and theatrical venues are among the most visited, second only to cinemas. In the north of the Karelian Isthmus, the sea was united by a wide strait with Lake Ladoga. [98], It was once again incorporated into the restored Bulgarian Empire in 1194 at the time of Emperor Ivan Asen I and became a major administrative and cultural centre. In the post-Soviet period the Field of Mars has become a popular location for demonstrations and protests. Zum 300. Though still retaining its unique local characteristics, the styles became more literate as more architects arrived from the other parts of the Spanish Empire, and even started incorporating newer styles such as Neoclassical, Neo-Gothic and Neo-Romanesque. This was where the magistrates sat to hold court. There are different boulevards and streets in the city with a higher amount of traffic than others. As a consequence of the bombings thousands of buildings were destroyed or damaged including the Capital Library and thousands of books. [18] Tunghai University's Luce Memorial Chapel, designed by IM Pei's firm, is often held up as an example of a modern, contextualized style. The main tributaries are Mga, Tosna, Izhora, Slavyanka and Murzinka on the left, and Okhta and Chyornaya Rechka on the right side of Neva. In 1745, he published a catalogue of over 3,000 minerals, and in 1760, he explained the formation of icebergs. America's churches are an amalgamation of the many styles and cultures that collided here, examples being St. Constantine, a Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in Minneapolis, Polish Cathedral style churches, and Russian Orthodox churches, found all across the country. With regard to Protestant churches, it was not only an expression of historism, but also of a new theological programme which put the Lord's supper above the sermon again. After the second world war, modern materials and techniques such as concrete and metal panels were introduced in Norwegian church construction. [3] In February 1740 Empress Anna ordered repairs and improvements to the square, including the planting of trees and the removal of some buildings. Matviyenko electoral promises included the transfer of a significant share of taxation money from the federal budget to the local one, which was supported by President Putin, a native of Saint Petersburg. Early Christian: House Church at Dura, Syria, domestic rooms around a courtyard were adapted as a meeting place and baptistry. [3] The building was considered to detract from the existing architectural ensemble, and was dismantled shortly afterwards. Shopi speak the Western Bulgarian dialects. Damage was also caused to the roadbed on one of the spans. On 16 May 1703, the city of St. Petersburg was founded in the mouth of Neva and became capital of Russia in 1712. Despite this resemblance, the interiors are quite different in how their rooms are laid out, based on a three-part division of: The style of churches in England has gone through many changes under the influence of geographical, geological, climatic, religious, social and historical factors. In the case of St. Peter's Basilica and San Paolo Fuori le Mura (St Paul's outside the Walls) in Rome, this bema extended laterally beyond the main meeting hall, forming two arms so that the building took on the shape of a T with a projecting apse. That was a version of what is now called sound symbolism. city of the Serdi. Bulgarian rule was restored in 1878. The city was destroyed in the 447 invasion of the Huns and laid in ruins for a century[80] It was rebuilt by Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. [3] From 1751 the area in front of the Summer Palace became known as the "Tsaritsyn Meadow". [1] Because of the uniform water-flow from Lake Ladoga to the Neva over the whole year, there are almost no floods and corresponding water rise in the spring. Sports and other leisure activities took place into the early twentieth century. [58], On 19 November 1986, on the 275th anniversary of the birth of M.V. Valentina Matviyenko graduated from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Academy in 1985 and became a party official in Leningrad's municipal government. How are the missile attacks on Kyiv any different from the "American style" you just described? [6] Lomonosov was a Russian orthodox all his life, but had close encounters with Old Believers schism in early youth and later in life he became a deist. The earliest people in recorded history known to have inhabited the area are the Finnic people. The Field of Mars (Russian: , tr. A number of shallow rivers cross the city, including the Boyanska, Vladayska and Perlovska. [3] The first Subbotnik, a Saturday devoted to volunteer work, was held on 1 May 1920, with 16,000 city inhabitants working to plant more than 60,000 bushes and trees on the square, laying paths and alleys, and removing waste. [21] He concluded that the commonly accepted phlogiston theory was false. Sofia is the 13th largest city in the European Union. [189], Sofia Airport handled 7,107,096 passengers in 2019. Hundreds of timber-framed churches in Northern Vietnam are constructed with traditional methods, exhibiting great cultural and historical values. Post WWII, he resettled hundreds of thousands of people from this regions, which are now occupied almost exclusively by Ukrainians, except for a few pockets around Lviv (which, before WWII was one of the biggest Polish cities, btw). After the Liberation War, knyaz Alexander Battenberg invited architects from Austria-Hungary to shape the new capital's architectural appearance.[117]. Over 99.6% of males and females aged over 9 are recorded as literate. [94] In the aftermath of the war, the city was permanently integrated in Bulgaria and became known by the Slavic name of Sredets. The east side is bounded by the Swan Canal, which separates the Field of Mars from the Summer Garden. Genocide against Polish is still officially glorified in Ukraine and Ukrainian mass-murderers are national heroes. 33, issue 56 (2017), pp. [182] Supported by the city's R&D expertise, Sofia is shifting to high value-added manufacturing including electrical equipment, precision mechanics, pharmaceuticals. She was approved by the Saint Petersburg Legislative Assembly on 22 December 2006. The transformations of Bulgaria into the People's Republic of Bulgaria in 1946 and into the Republic of Bulgaria in 1990 marked significant changes in the city's appearance. However, due to the bad communication between the private offshore company that runs the resort and Sofia municipality, most of the ski areas have been left to decay in the last 10 years, so that only one chairlift and one slope work. [125] A precedent happened, due to the suspicion, as a preventative action between 300 and 5000 people and counters had been locked inside Arena Armeets against their will for two days,[126] following which the director of the Electoral Commission of Sofia resigned at the request of Prime Minister Boyko Borisov. Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany KG GCB GCH (Frederick Augustus; 16 August 1763 5 January 1827) was the second son of George III, King of the United Kingdom and Hanover, and his consort Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.A soldier by profession, from 1764 to 1803 he was Prince-Bishop of Osnabrck in the Holy Roman Empire.From the death of his father in 1820 [6], The hydrological network had been altered by the development of St. Petersburg through its entire history. Even smaller, nationalistic parties don't focus on it as this ship has pretty much sailed thanks to Stalin. [165] The real GDP (PPP) per capita growth at the time was 2.5% and the employment went up by 3.4% to 962,400. As a young man, he was educated at The biggest news this week, and biggest win for Russia, is that. Cyril and Methodius National Library are located in Sofia. After World War II and the establishment of a Communist government in Bulgaria in 1944, the architectural style was substantially altered. Churches were to be seen as meeting houses for the celebrating faithful. Popov, D. Thracians, Sofia, p.h. In 1764, he organized an expedition (led by Admiral Vasili Chichagov) to find the Northeast Passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans by sailing along the northern coast of Siberia. [38], Near the Ladozhsky Bridge there is an underwater tunnel to host a gas pipeline Nord Stream 1. [10], Because of the rapid flow, cold water and lack of quiet pools and aquatic vegetation the diversity of fish species in Neva is small. 61. The official narrative in Poland is to pretend we are best friends. [105][106] In 1610 the Vatican established the See of Sofia for Catholics of Rumelia, which existed until 1715 when most Catholics had emigrated. The city is home to a number of large sports venues, including the 43,000-seat Vasil Levski National Stadium which hosts international football matches, as well as Balgarska Armia Stadium, Georgi Asparuhov Stadium and Lokomotiv Stadium, the main venues for outdoor musical concerts. Previously, at the end of June, the new management of local channel St. Petersburg Television shut down a range of analytical programmes on local politics, which was thought to be one of the factors in elections outcome. Texts by Marazov, Ivan; Venedikov, Ivan; Fol, Alexander; Tacheva, Margarita. The matter is complicated by the fact that buildings put up for one purpose may have been re-used for another, that new building techniques may permit changes in style and size, that changes in liturgical practice may result in the alteration of existing buildings and that a building built by one religious group may be used by a successor group with different purposes. The 32nd summit of G8 countries were held in Saint Petersburg from 15 to 17 July 2006. Many of the earliest churches of Byzantium have a longitudinal plan. Externally it is a plan cube; the interior has white walls and colourless windows, a langbau i.e. Matviyenko held various leadership positions within the Komsomol organization until 1984.[2]. With their vital, humanistic realism they are a Renaissance phenomenon at its culmination phase in the context of the common-European art.[152]. These churches were in origin martyria, constructed as mausoleums housing the tombs of the saints who had died during the persecutions which only fully ended with the conversion of Emperor Constantine. Lomonosov, the USSR State Bank issued a 1 ruble commemorative coin from a copper-nickel alloy. [30], An architectural element that appeared soon after the Black Death style change and is observed extensively in Medieval English styles is fan vaulting, seen in the Chapel of Henry VII and the King's College Chapel in Cambridge. [45] The snowiest recorded winter was 1995/1996 with a total snowfall of 171cm (67.3in). [145] The Ivan Vazov National Theatre, which performs mainly classical plays and is situated in the very centre of the city, is the most prominent theatre. Moscow: Nauka (Science) publishing house, 1986, Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna, Imperial Porcelain Factory, Saint Petersburg, Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, https://www.ilnuovosaggiatore.sif.it/issue/54, http://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/PT.3.1438, Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, A.Koukarine, et al., "Experimental Reconstruction of Lomonosov's Discovery of Venus's Atmosphere with Antique Refractors During the 2012 Transit of Venus" (2012), V. Shiltsev, "Lomonosov's Discovery of Venus Atmosphere in 1761: English Translation of Original Publication with Commentaries" (2012), "Replicating the discovery of Venus's atmosphere | Print Edition - Physics Today", ".. Valentina Tyutina was born in Shepetivka in the Khmelnytskyi Oblast of Western Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union. Again, from the twin principles that every priest must say his mass every day and that an altar could only be used once, in religious communities a number of altars were required for which space had to be found, at least within monastic churches. [26] Neva is already mentioned in the Life of Alexander Nevsky (13th century). The mountain offers favourable skiing conditions during the winter. [15], Lomonosov was made a full member of the Academy, and named Professor of chemistry, in 1745. The effect of these changes can be seen in such churches as the Roman Catholic Metropolitan Cathedrals of Liverpool and the Braslia, both circular buildings with a free-standing altar. [59], 1992, the first commemorative coin of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation with a face value of 100 rubles. [5] The area became known as "Amusement Field" (Russian: ). Schloss Rothenfels was a large rectangular space, with solid white walls, deep windows and a stone pavement. [101] Additionally, there were fountains and hammams (bathhouses). Two natural sciences museumsthe Natural History Museum and Earth and Mandisplay minerals, animal species (alive and taxidermic) and rare materials. [174] The IT sector is highly diverse and includes both multinational corporations, local companies and start-ups. This is noticeably changing in the past years. [14][15], During the first decades of the 20th century, a new Sino-Christian church architecture emerged.[16][17]. After February 1917 the square became the ceremonial burial place of a number of those killed during the February Revolution. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Surround and starve is a valid tactic that has been done for over a thousand years. 151156. The median age is 38 though. The trams ran at the speed of 20 kilometres per hour (12mph) and could carry 20 passengers per carriage. However, the local place names with such influence coincide with Scandinavian traders and Slavs' first main settlement in the region, in the 8th century CE. By the beginning of the 17th century, in spite of the cuius regio principle, the majority of the peoples in the Habsburg monarchy had become Protestant, sparking the Counter-Reformation by the Habsburg emperors which resulted in the Thirty Years' War in 1618. [30] On the topic of church windows, the windows are somewhat controversial as some argue that the church should be flooded with light and some argue that they should be dim for an ideal praying environment. [2] A severe flood in 1777 damaged or destroyed many of the features of the Promenade, after which military parades began to be held once more. Lomonosov based his conceptions on the unity of the Earth's processes in time, and necessity to explain the planet's past from present. [17] Lomonosov found it extremely difficult to maintain his growing family on the scanty and irregular allowance granted him by the Russian Academy of Sciences. A proposal was made to construct a bicycle track on the Field of Mars, but it ultimately failed to gain sufficient funding. "Sofia. Sankt-Peterburg, IPA: [sankt ptrburk] ()), formerly known as Petrograd (19141924) and later Leningrad (19241991), is the second-largest city in Russia.It is situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea, with a population of roughly 5.4 million residents. It is one of the earliest church buildings that was central, rather than longitudinally planned. As his circumstances became desperate, he got permission to return to Saint Petersburg. Amongst others, the population consisted of Muslims, Bulgarian and Greek speaking Orthodox Christians, Armenians, Georgians, Catholic Ragusans, Jews (Romaniote, Ashkenazi and Sephardi), and Romani people. Much of Bulgaria's educational capacity is concentrated in Sofia. Some of the biggest telecommunications companies, TV and radio stations, newspapers, magazines, and web portals are based in Sofia, including the Bulgarian National Television, bTV and Nova TV. The first 'room', the nave, was used by the congregation; the second 'room', the sanctuary, was the preserve of the clergy and was where the Mass was celebrated. Sofia's development as a significant settlement owes much to its central position in the Balkans. [33] Texas in itself was a religious hotbed, and so ecclesiastical architecture developed at a faster pace than in other areas. [156] A velodrome with 5,000 seats in the city's central park is undergoing renovation. In the beginning, Christians worshipped along with Jews in synagogues and in private houses. The new construction in already heavily built-up areas was a point of continuous criticism during Matviyenko's governorship. She in turn accused them of stirring up trouble ahead of elections to the Saint Petersburg Legislative Assembly scheduled for 11 March, of criticising the city's perceived dynamic development and for allegedly receiving financial support from dubious sources. The profile of Saint Petersburg in Russian politics has risen, marked by the transfer of the Constitutional Court of Russia from Moscow in 2008. [16][17][18] Three of them were catastrophic: on 7 November 1824, when water rose to 421 centimetres (166in); on 23 September 1924 when it reached 369 centimetres (145in), and 10 September 1777 when it rose to 321 centimetres (126in). Tents, carousels, swings are built, poles are erected, a folk theatre, or rather a stage for it, is set up. A raised dais called a bema formed part of many large basilican churches. The 774-metre (2,539ft) long pipeline lies 7 to 9 metres (23 to 30ft) below the river bottom and delivers about 42 million tonnes of oil a year. K-19: The Widowmaker is a 2002 historical submarine film directed and produced by Kathryn Bigelow, and produced by Edward S. Feldman, Sigurjon Sighvatsson, Christine Whitaker and Matthias Deyle with screenplay by Christopher Kyle.An international production of the United States, United Kingdom, Germany and Canada, the film takes place in 1961 and focuses its (2009). In acknowledgement of this, and its role in hosting military reviews and parades, it was renamed the "Field of Mars" in 1805. New footage from the scene of the emergency on the Crimean bridge appears. Weather can be very unstable and dynamic with sudden significant temperature amplitudes. That church, situated on rising ground, was within view of the palace; and Diocletian and Galerius stood as if on a watchtower, disputing long whether it ought to be set on fire. The city is the hot spot of internal migration, the capital population is increasing and is around 17% of the national,[162] thus a small number of people with local roots remain today, they dominate the surrounding rural suburbs and are called Shopi. It may not display this or other websites correctly. The city houses many cultural institutes such as the Russian Cultural Institute, the Polish Cultural Institute, the Hungarian Institute, the Czech and the Slovak Cultural Institutes, the Italian Cultural Institute, Confucius Institute, Institut Franais, Goethe Institut, British Council and Instituto Cervantes which regularly organise temporary expositions of visual, sound and literary works by artists from their respective countries. Of the population aged 1564 265,248 people within the municipality (28.5%) are not economically active, the unemployed being another group of 55,553 people (6%), a large share of whom have completed higher education. Notable practitioners include Dr. Steven Schloeder, Duncan Stroik, and Thomas Gordon Smith. Santa Costanza's burial place became a place of worship as well as a tomb. [122] Districts and settlements have their own governor who is elected in a popular election. [2][4] This created a roughly rectangular parcel of land, initially called simply Pustoi (Russian: ), meaning "Empty" - after the trees that grew here were felled, and from the 1720s, the "Great Meadow" (Russian: ). Vyacheslav Popov, a wealthy Komi, had lost most of his herd to disease. Frederick IX (Danish: Christian Frederik Franz Michael Carl Valdemar Georg; 11 March 1899 14 January 1972) was King of Denmark from 1947 to 1972. Participation in worship, which gave rise to the porch church, began to decline as the church became increasingly clericalized; with the rise of the monasteries church buildings changed as well. A large number of sports clubs are based in the city. Within the municipality, three-quarters, or 965,328 people are recorded as having access to television at home and 836,435 (64.8%) as having internet. It is surrounded by mountainsides, such as Vitosha by the southern side, Lyulin by the western side, and the Balkan Mountains by the north, which makes it the third highest European capital after Andorra la Vella and Madrid. Dating from the 5th century, it may have been briefly used as an oratory before it became a mausoleum. The congregation were to process from one place to another. [13] He plunged into his studies and was rewarded with a four-year grant to study abroad, in Germany, first at the University of Marburg and then in Freiberg. The first very large Christian churches, notably Santa Maria Maggiore, San Giovanni in Laterano, and Santa Costanza, were built in Rome in the early 4th century. In Norway, church architecture has been affected by wood as the preferred material, particularly in sparsely populated areas. In the time before the last war, there was a movement towards a new style of architecture, one that was more functional than embellished. Another was for an opera house using designs by Victor Schrter, and a 1909 project suggested the creation of a park or garden with a monument to Emperor Alexander II designed by I. S. Kitner. [207], A number of secondary language schools provide education in a selected foreign language. The Vitosha Nature Park (the oldest national park in the Balkans)[118] includes most of Vitosha mountain and covers an area of 266 square kilometres (103sqmi),[119] with roughly half of it lying within the municipality of Sofia. Born in Ukraine, Matviyenko began her political career in the 1980s in Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg), and was the First Secretary of the Krasnogvardeysky District Communist Party of the city from 1984 to 1986. [39][pageneeded] Pulpits had always been a feature of Western churches. It was drained by the digging of canals in the first half of the eighteenth century, and initially served as parkland, hosting a tavern, post office and the royal menagerie. - . This too was to become a Christian church and lend its style to the development of Cathedral architecture. [3][11], The square was once more reconstructed between 1998 and 2001. Sofia entered a period of economic and political decline in the 17th century, accelerated during the period of anarchy in the Ottoman Balkans of the late 18th and early 19th century, when local Ottoman warlords ravaged the countryside. In the 500s BC, the area became part of a Thracian state union, the Odrysian kingdom from another Thracian tribe the Odrysses. The valley has an average altitude of 550 metres (1,800ft). - , , "": ", "HE Prime Minister Presides Over Cabinet Regular Meeting", " , , , , ", "Sofia, Shanghai to become sister cities", "Sofia, Budapest to Cooperate in Culture, Tourism, Economy", "Acordos de geminao, de cooperao e de amizade", Sofia by Night Light: A Photographic Exhibition, Etymological list of provinces of Bulgaria, Institutional seats of the European Union, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sofia&oldid=1119668243, Populated places established in the 7th millennium BC, Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia without Wikisource reference, Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia without Wikisource reference, Articles with dead external links from May 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with Bulgarian-language sources (bg), Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Bulgarian-language text, Pages using infobox settlement with possible motto list, Pages using infobox settlement with possible demonym list, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2021, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia, Articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. [4], Another attraction appeared in the winter of 1910-1911 with reindeer brought onto the field and offered to citizens for riding. On 24 September 1998, Matviyenko was appointed Deputy Prime Minister of Russia for Welfare, and occupied this position until 2003. [3] Between 1711 and 1721 two canals, the Swan, and the Red, were dug to the east and west respectively with the purpose of draining the land. With both sides making some sort of concessions. The role of Saint Petersburg in Russian politics has risen, marked by the transfer of the Constitutional Court of Russia from Moscow in 2008. In the 13th and 14th centuries Sredets was an important spiritual and literary hub with a cluster of 14 monasteries in its vicinity, that were eventually destroyed by the Ottomans. In the early Romanian territory of Wallachia, there were three major influences that can be seen. The assembly members are chosen every four years. This type of plan was also to later play a part in the development of church architecture in Western Europe, most notably in Bramante's plan for St. Peter's Basilica. He is also an ancestor of William and Desmond Miles, as well as Clay Kaczmarek. The driest recorded year was 2000 with a total precipitation of 304.6mm (11.99in), while the wettest year on record was 2014 with a total precipitation of 1,066.6mm (41.99in). [21] This triangle was recently expanded to a "square" and includes the Catholic Cathedral of St Joseph. [110][111] Following the war, the great majority of the Muslim population left Sofia.[101]. [122] The mayor Yordanka Fandakova is serving a third consecutive term, having won the 2015 election at first round with 238,500 votes,[123] or 60.2% of the vote, when Reformist Bloc opponent Vili Lilkov was second with 9.6%; the turnout was 41.25%. This is well known. Serdica's citizens of Thracian descent were referred to as Illyrians[80] probably because it was at some time the capital of Eastern Illyria (Second Illyria).[89]. The Museum of Socialist Art includes many sculptures and posters that educate visitors about the lifestyle in communist Bulgaria. Unhappy at home and intent on obtaining a higher education, which Lomonosov could not receive in Mishaninskaya, he was determined to leave the village. The origin is in the Greek word sophia () "wisdom". [2][3][4] The flame from the Field of Mars was also used to light the eternal flame at the Piskaryovskoye Memorial Cemetery on 9 May 1960, and at other memorials in Saint Petersburg. Two of them are still existing and have been declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites. [25], The next period, beginning in the second half of the first millennium AD and lasting into the 16th century, includes both structures built of conventional materials, and those hewn from rock. [84][85][86] The ancient city is located between TZUM, Sheraton Hotel and the Presidency. [3] Since the start of Matviyenko's service as governor, a significant share of taxation money was transferred from the federal budget to the local budget, and along with the booming economy and improving investment climate the standard of living significantly increased in the city, making income levels much closer to Moscow, and far above most other Russian federal subjects. [17] She was put on a sanction list by the United States and Canada on 17 March 2014, the European Union on 21 March 2014, Switzerland on 2 April 2014, Liechtenstein on 17 April 2014, Australia on 19 June 2014, and Ukraine on 16 October 2016. The crew performed an emergency landing on the Neva River, barely missing some of its bridges and an 1898-built steam tugboat. These vary from Christian Roman architecture and medieval Bulgarian fortresses to Neoclassicism and prefabricated Socialist-era apartment blocks. [22], Cleaning of wastewater in St. Petersburg started in 1979; by 1997 about 74% of wastewater was purified.
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