A. borkumensis is halotolerant, which is necessary to survive in ocean salinity; optimal NaCl concentration for growth in culture is between 3-10% (1). Environ. Les gnes codant pour leurs enzymes de dgradation se trouvent couramment sur les plasmides. DOI: 10.1046/j.1468-2920.2003.00468.x, (3) Head I, Jones MD, Roling W. Marine microorganisms make a meal of oil. Nature Reviews Microbiology. Crude oil floating on the surface of water must be emulsified before it can be metabolized (13). DOI: 10.1128/AEM.70.5.2603-2613. Longitudinal tracking of bacteria-covered oil droplets using microfluidics, reveals distinct biofilm phenotypes: thick and spherical versus thin and dendritic, with the latter having a faster consumption rate. Panchal A, Swientoniewski LT, Omarova M, Yu T, Zhang D, Blake DA, John V, Lvov YM. (Fig.2B).2B).
Biodegradation and Biotechnological Approaches for the Control of Analysis of Storage Lipid Accumulation in Alcanivorax borkumensis Functional expression of atfA2 was also documented by the fact that somehow reduced WS activity levels were observed in vitro in atfA2 knockout mutants (Table (Table33). Microbiol. Petroleum Hydrocarbon Biodegradability in SoilImplications for Bioremediation. Mater. The use of fertilizer to increase the activity of A. borkumensis has become an accepted technique for crude oil spill clean ups (17). Although alkanes constitute a large portion of crude oil, after A. borkumensis bioremediation, non-degraded compounds will persist. It thrives in halophilic, aerobic environments and is found in the upper layers of freshwater or marine environments such as the Mediterranean Sea, Pacific Ocean and Arctic Sea . Correct gene replacement in the mutant strains was confirmed by diagnostic PCR employing oligonucleotide primers binding to DNA regions up- and downstream of atfA1 and atfA2, respectively, which were not present in the constructs used for gene inactivation (Fig. Structure of neutral lipid inclusions in A. borkumensis. The alkane hydroxylase uses dioxygen to oxidize the alkane with one molecule of oxygen, while reducing the other molecule of oxygen to water (10). 67(4): 1970-1974. Kinetics modelling of the biodegradation of benzene, toluene and phenol as single substrate and mixed substrate by using Pseudomonas putida. DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2589-0.
How does alcanivorax borkumensis work? - kang.churchrez.org A putative active site motif is boxed. Bookshelf Genome sequence completed of Alcanivorax borkumensis, a hydrocarbon-degrading bacterium that plays a global role in oil removal from marine systems. Add a meaning Add Alcanivorax borkumensis details Synonyms for Alcanivorax borkumensis Amphiphilic siderophore production by oil-associating microbes. The performance of the extracellular and intracellular crude enzymes from A. borkumensis was evaluated in batch tests in Milli-Q water. In the current study the influence of substrate concentration on the degradation rate of A. borkumensis, was very representative. Setti, L., Lanzarini, G., Pifferi, P.G., Spagna, G., 1993. Oven temperature was programmed from 60 C 260 C at a rate of 4 C/min. This unspecific acyltransferase simultaneously synthesizes WEs and TAGs by utilizing fatty acid coenzyme A thioesters (acyl-CoA) in addition to long-chain fatty alcohols and diacylglycerols (DAGs), respectively, as substrates. In addition, this particular species of bacteria can also survive through oil contaminated water because of the availability of phosphorus and nitrogen. In the double knockout mutant WS activity was completely abolished, whereas a very low but significant basic level of DGAT activity was maintained (Table (Table33). As for organic liquids, they are directly diluted in hexane. In the case of toluene about 84.22% of removal percentage was obtained at an initial concentration of 70 mg/L on day 7 (Fig. The results showed a significant reduction in concentrations of C10 - C50 (from 36% to > 99%) after one injection of enzyme cocktail, mainly for the contaminated soils located in the saturated zone of the unconfined aquifer. An upstream locus, alkS, regulates the alkB1 operon (10). Hexadecane used in this study is part of the aliphatic fraction of crude oil and it is one of the most important components of diesel (Chnier et al., 2003). Dou, J., Liu, X., Hu, Z., 2008. Fonctions d'assainissement dans le cadre du nettoyage de la pollution existante. But these are affected greatly by unstable climatic . Phenotypic information about Alcanivorax borkumensis DSM 11573 Nomenclatural information about Alcanivorax borkumensis. Since genes coding for key enzymes such as glycogen synthase, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, or cyanophycin synthetase, which are required for biosynthesis of other bacterial carbon storage compounds like glycogen or cyanophycin, are lacking in the A. borkumensis genome (31), TAGs and WEs are most likely the only relevant carbon storage compounds produced in this bacterium. Alcanivorax borkumensis. (Fig.2B).2B). The test solutions contained 50 mL Milli-Q water, 10 mg/mL of an equal mixture of intracellular and extracellular crude enzyme and the different petroleum hydrocarbons concentrations: 500, 600 and 700 mg/L of hexadecane, 30 mg/L, 50 mg/L and 70 mg/L of BTEX compounds mixture (1:1:1:1:1:1), 500, 750 and 1000 mg/L of motor oil, and 2000, 4000 and 6000 mg/mL of contaminated soil. Alcanivorax borkumensis releases surfactants that solubilize hydrophobic molecules characteristic of oil products. 1-Hexadecanol and 1,2-dipalmitin were used as standard substrates for assaying WS and DGAT activity, respectively. PMC Bioremediation for degradation of hydrocarbons is a widely used alternative for the recovery of contaminated sites. Singh, R., Celin, S.M., 2010. Impact of seasonal variations and nutrient inputs on nitrogen cycling and degradation of hexadecane by replicated river biofilms. Scale-Up of Capsular Polysaccharide Production Process by. borkumensis SK2 has a streamlined genome with a paucity of mobile genetic elements and energy generation-related genes, but with a . A. borkumensis must first ensure that crude oil is bioavailable. Appl. (Fig.1C).1C).
How are oil spillages cleaned up? - sto.youramys.com Mishra, S., Sarma, P.M., Lal, B., 2004. 3A to D). The higher activities ranged from 40 to 71 U/mL of lipase for the different studied substrates. The final volume of purified extract was concentrated to meet the target detection limits. Whereas AtfA2 highly efficiently utilized all tested MAGs, AtfA1 showed a clear preference for 1-MAG. Relatively rare in unpolluted seas it quickly comes to dominate the marine microbial ecosystem after . Microbiol. Crude oil degradation efficiency of a recombinant Acinetobacter baumannii strain and its survival in crude oil-contaminated soil microcosm. The application of fertilizer to increase available nitrogen and phosphorous has been demonstrated as an effective strategy to increase alkane degradation, allowing A. borkumensis to grow beyond the typical carrying capacity of the environment (7). Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces.
Microbial biodegradation - Wikipedia - Enzyklopdie This study was supported by a grant of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft to A.S. (Ste 386/7-3).
How To Clean Up Vegetable Oil Spills - Realonomics after 31 days of biodegradation. 2004. Gertler C, Gerdts G, Timmis KN, Yakimov MM, Golyshin PN. Water-insoluble substrates and bovine serum albumin were applied as double-concentrated stock solutions emulsified by ultrasonification. Appl. 2018 Jun;112:230-240. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.177. Ijah, U.J.J., 1998. Careers. 3A to D). Cavallaro G, Lazzara G, Rozhina E, Konnova S, Kryuchkova M, Khaertdinov N, Fakhrullin R. RSC Adv. Info: 7767 words (31 pages) Dissertation After centrifugation, the chloroform phase was withdrawn and evaporated to dryness, and 40 g of unlabeled reference substances was added. RNA from cells cultivated with pyruvate was isolated using the RNeasy RNA purification kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) according to the manufacturer's protocol. these concentrations were chosen depending on soil characterization and PAHs, BTEX and C10-C50 content. Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://jb.asm.org/. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Biotechnol. St, PstI-digested DNA. The strains and plasmids used in this study are listed in Table Table1.1. Dechloromonas aromatica. The temperatures of the injector and detector were 250C and 275C, respectively. Alcanivorax borkumensis. Moreover, Volke-Sepulveda et al., (2003) (Volke-Sepulveda et al., 2003) found that an initial concentration of 45 g/L of hexadecane was totally mineralized after 31 days of culture using a solid state fermentation. Biodegradation 11, 6571.
Challenging Oil Bioremediation at Deep-Sea Hydrostatic Pressure 5(9): 746-753. A. borkumensis is the type species, an almost exclusively hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria, which dominates marine environments suffering from oil contamination through its ability of nutrient scavenging, oligotrophic growth, and biofilm formation. Cell disruption was done by ultrasonification. The polymerization of the resin was performed at 70C for 48 h. Sections 70 to 80 nm thick were made with an Ultracut Microtome (LEICA Mikroskopie und Systeme GmbH, Germany) using a diamond knife and were subsequently placed on a 200-mesh copper grid. However, they were only of rather low abundance and were not further analyzed in the present study (Fig. Registered office: Creative Tower, Fujairah, PO Box 4422, UAE. Indones. Environ. In this issue, Schneiker et al. 13, 11681178. DOI: 10.1128/JB.00072-06, (10) van Beilen J, Marin M, Smits T, Rothlisberger M, Franchini A, Witholt B, Rojo R. Characterization of two alkane hydroxylase genes from the marine hydrocabonoclastic bacterium Alcanivorax borkumensis. Environmental Microbiology. 2). Herein, the interaction between BTEX components in this study seems to be synergistic since a high removal percentage (up to 60%) is reached while using the mixture of the above contaminants in a time period of 7 days. 1992. and other hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria exhibit a unique oligotrophic physiology. In general, there are four methods of cleaning up an oil spill. After being washed three times in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (pH 7.3), the cells were fixed with 2.5% (wt/vol) glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M PBS (pH 7.3) for 16 h. After being washed three more times in PBS, each time for 20 min, the cells were postfixed with 1% (wt/vol) osmium tetroxide in 0.1 M PBS (pH 7.3) for 90 min and washed once with PBS for 15 min. Microbiol. The structures of the inclusions were generally highly variable, many of them being quite long and sprawling, occasionally reaching a length of 500 nm. Eng. It thrives in halophilic, aerobic environments and is found in the upper layers of freshwater or marine environments such as the Mediterranean Sea, Pacific Ocean and Arctic Sea [4, 8]. Acyl acceptor specificities of AtfA1 and AtfA2 from A. borkumensis SK2 for different alcohol substratesa, Acyl acceptor specificities of AtfA1 and AtfA2 from A. borkumensis SK2 for glycerol and acylglycerolsa. TAG and WE inclusions in lipid accumulating bacteria are usually organized in the form of spherical intracytoplasmic lipophilic inclusions (overview in reference 39).
PDF Alcanivorax borkumensis In contrast to the other three investigated hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria, A. borkumensis was only able to synthesize WEs during cultivation on hexadecane, not on the unrelated substrate pyruvate, indicating that this strain is probably impaired in de novo formation of fatty alcohols. Kem MP, Zane HK, Springer SD, Gauglitz JM, Butler A. Metallomics. PHA accumulation has been occasionally described for some other hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria (5, 11), but this was solely based on positive results from staining with lipophilic dyes and was not supported by chemical analyses. The loss of acyltransferase activities in recombinant E. coli isolates proved that by this method, both enzymes were efficiently inactivated (Table (Table3).3). (Fig.2B).2B). Not very much is known about the exact method used by Alcanivorax to biodegrade oil, but some National Library of Medicine 4(3): 141-147. Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus supply on hexadecane biodegradation in soil systems. Cells were cultivated in ONR7a medium containing 1% (wt/vol) sodium pyruvate or 0.5% (vol/vol) hexadecane, respectively, for 72 h and analyzed by TLC. Characterization of A. borkumensis atfA1 and atfA2 gene disruption mutants. Curr. Biotechnol. Under these conditions spherical inclusions were only very rarely present (Fig. government site. . However, in the presence of higher concentration of hydrocarbons, the enzymes efficiency increased or decreased depending on the concentration. The abundance of A. borkumensis in oilaffected environments is because the bacteria uses the compounds in oil as a source of energy, thus populations of A. borkumensis naturally Herein, the degradation rate was very important compared to other reported strains. Key Terms hydrocarbons: Organic compounds made only of carbon and hydrogen. Setti et al., (1993) (Setti et al., 1993) reported 86.4% of hexadecane mineralization at an initial concentration of 12 g/L by Pseudomonas sp. The results of this study will be important in the decision of dispersant use in the future. A model microorganism studied for its role in bioremediation of oil-spill sites and hydrocarbon catabolism is the alpha-proteobacteria Alcanivorax, which degrades aliphatic alkanes through various metabolic activities. Cells of A. borkumensis strains were cultivated with pyruvate as described above to allow for accumulation of storage lipids. This is an important factor in determining A. borkumensis role in bioremediation as discussed in section 5.2. Marine hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria, like Alcanivorax borkumensis, play a globally important role in bioremediation of petroleum oil contamination in marine ecosystems. Schoefs, O., Perrier, M., Samson, R., 2004. Characterization of the WS/DGAT homologues AtfA1 and AtfA2 from A. borkumensis SK2. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this dissertation are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UKDiss.com. The principle of this assay is that the binding of protein molecules to Coomassie dye under acidic conditions results in a color change from brown to blue. What are the 4 ways to clean up an oil spill? 3K and L). and K.N.T. Dispersants. Alcanivorax borkumensis is an excellent bioremediation tool with the ability to use hydrocarbons as carbon source. Opin. Oil-eating bacteria produce bio-films. J. Bacteriol. Enzymes have the capability to mineralize a recalcitrant compound and also transform it to a state in which it is more biodegradable. The cell number reached around 108 CFU/mL (Colony Forming Units per mL) in the case of hexadecane, BTEX, motor oil, as well as petroleum hydrocarbons contaminated soil. Alcanivorax borkumensis (A. borkumensis) is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped hydrocarbonoclastic ("oil-degrading") bacterium. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. A. borkumensis was able to use various tested substrates as sole carbon source and energy for its growth and proliferation which was confirmed by cell count. Bioremediation. Now, one of these species has been found to be a particularly promising candidate for a champion against oil spills. Bacterial proliferation on clay nanotube Pickering emulsions for oil spill bioremediation. Mar. doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2003.07.013. 1). 3. Interestingly, atfA1 is situated in close proximity to the origin of replication of the chromosome, probably resulting in a high gene dosage. Microbiol.
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Petroleum microbiology - Wikipedia Mutants were analyzed by diagnostic PCR using oligonucleotide primer pairs binding up- and downstream of the atfA1 (lanes 1) or atfA2 (lanes 2) gene, respectively. Alcanivorax borkumensis is a marine bacteria. Thus, due to the lack of an obvious phenotype, the function of this acyltransferase remains unclear, but it might be involved in production of a yet unknown fatty acid ester substance which could not be detected by the applied methods. Further research into the aerobic degradation of n-alkanes in a heavy oil by a pure culture of a Pseudomonas sp. Thus, to the best of our knowledge the present study represents the first description of substantial TAG accumulation in a gram-negative prokaryote. Abstract: Three bacterial isolates identified as Alcanivorax borkumensis SK2, Rhodococcus erythropolis HS4 and Pseudomonas stutzeri SDM, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, were isolated from crude oil enrichments of natural seawater. Colombo et al., (1996) (Colombo et al., 1996) reported that several fungal strains were able to biodegrade up to 80% of aliphatic hydrocarbons after 90 days, using a contaminated soil with a concentration of 10% crude oil which contain 16.5 mg of aliphatic hydrocarbons per g of soil. Chem. Homozygous gene disruption mutants generated by homologous recombination via a double crossover event in A. borkumensis were obtained by employing a conjugative biparental filter-mating technique. This medium was supplemented with 3% (v/v) hexadecaneas the sole carbon and energy source, and all major cations and anions present in concentrations higher than 1 mg/L in sea water. Response of microorganisms to an accidental gasoline spillage in an arctic freshwater ecosystem. 2 and Fig. Appl. Among those bacteria, particularly members of the genus Alcanivorax seem to play a major role in the first steps of petroleum oil biodegradation. Marine hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria, like Alcanivorax borkumensis, play a globally important role in bioremediation of petroleum oil contamination in marine ecosystems. Alcanivorax borkumensis are prominent actors in oil spill bioremediation; however, the interfacial dynamics of their biofilms and its role in oil degradation remain unclear. Using Smart Meters and Intelligent Recloser to Improve Power Quality in Distribution Networks. Substrate interactions during the biodegradation of benzene, toluene and phenol mixtures. Split/Splitless injector and detector (FID) temperatures were 260 C and 260 C, respectively, and 1 mL of the sample was injected. Obligate oil-degrading marine bacteria. The 1 presents the evolution of the enzyme activities in the presence of different substrates. Remarkably, even in the double knockout mutant a reduced but still substantial level of TAG accumulation remained, although both WS/DGAT homologues were inactivated. Triacylglycerols (TAGs) and wax esters (WEs), but not poly(hydroxyalkanoic acids), are the principal storage lipids present in this and other hydrocarbonoclastic bacterial species.
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