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FastAPI makes sure that get_tenant is only executed once, even if several functions depend on it. This was implemented in HTTP/1.1 to support name based virtual hosting, i.e. Now let's register those event handlers on our actual application in the server.py file. project_slug: The development friendly name of the project. If all is well, the file will resemble the following: The first thing we'll do is define an additional function for creating our cleanings table. We'll spend the entirety of this post setting up our database, configuring our db environment, and getting migrations in place. cursor # db cursor # 2. Time to Read: Quick Guide to Understand Everything about Regression Testing, Worst abuse of the C preprocessor (IOCCC winner, 1986), The Three Kingdoms Enters Into Partnership with NFTb, Docker, its not rocket scienceUnderstanding Container and Docker CLIPart I, http://127.0.0.1:8000/info?limit=10&score=100. . app.include_routers(users.router) Create the database . Now we can start using alembic commands right in the shell. Use os.environ to get the connection parameters , don't try to connect directly, it's Heroku's recommended solution from Heroku Postgres, I just need to run this: It's best practice in any application to store sensitive information as environment variables, and make sure they're not checked into git. fastapi uvicorn #for template jinja2 #for static files aiofiles #for database #new sqlalchemy psycopg2 #for loading environment variables #new python-dotenv POSTGRES_USER=postgres POSTGRES_PASSWORD=yourpassword POSTGRES_SERVER=localhost POSTGRES_PORT=5432 POSTGRES_DB=yourdbname_eg_debug All your queries are then automatically run against the correct tenant. # version location specification; this defaults, # to alembic/versions. For further clarification, I've pushed my code to GitHub & it can be accessed at this repository - Self_calculation. We'll begin by configuring docker to create a container housing our postgres instance. if_exists: if table exists or not. Though there are advantages to creating multiple migration files, we're going to start with one large migration file and modify it incrementally as we build our application. The advantage of a multitenancy system, in contrast to a system like GitHub, is that mistakes often have fewer consequences. FastAPI doesn't require a relational database, but users are allowed to use any relational database, like PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQLite, Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server etc. If you dont have a production database yet, you can most likely skip this step. (2) Uncomment # openapi_prefix="/prod" in app/main.py. This project is very much inspired by the tutorial of the databases framework itself that you can find at 'databases . That is all the magic behind our multitenancy system. Setting up migrations is also a pain, so bear with me here. Will it have a bad influence on getting a student visa? Check out our guide for the answers and more. We'll also create a tasks file in the core directory, to wrap the startup and shutdown events for our app. Just send a twitter DM to @mmueller2012. There are several ways to achieve this, all with their own pros and cons. If you want to change the tenant values, query the object again and modify it while keeping the database connection open. If so, congrats. Each tenant has its own user list and we want to return different results depending on the tenant requesting /users/{user_id}. One solution would be to spin up an instance of your software in a VM or docker container for each of your tenants. NOTE: Any packages you install from the command line are available during the current session only.If you want them to persist, add them to the project's anaconda-project.yml file. Static Files in Development. Site design / logo 2022 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. We can also execute SQL queries directly against the database. Inside the bash shell, we can start exploring a little bit. The task is therefore left to my motivated readers :-). Add paste this just under app = FastAPI(). Now, If you are using postgres, open up PgAdmin and create a new database, same as that of mentioned by you in '.env' file. Removing a tenant is even simpler and can be done in 2 lines: Drop the schema and remove the entry from the tenant tables. No payment information required. Can FOSS software licenses (e.g. Let us take look at how such a generated script would look like: On first sight the script looks great, but there is still one big issue left. Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! Create a file and name it models.py . The good news is: nothing! Our application will be powered by the de-facto open-source, relational database - PostgreSQL. The most common and simple way is to assign each tenant a different subdomain, like customer1.myapp.com and customer2.myapp.com. It is compatible with: PostgreSQL. Michael is one of the co-founders and managing directors of Sysmagine GmbH. After this command was done, you will find a folder within your project folder, like this: To activate this virtual environment, run source fastapi-env/bin/activate in terminal (for macOS) OR fastapi-env\Scripts\activate.bat (for Windows). Stack Overflow for Teams is moving to its own domain! Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. Relation does not exist when trying to grant privileges; SQL Server to Postgres How actually can you perform the trick with the "illusion of the party distracting the dragon" like they did it in Vox Machina (animated series)? Although it worked on my PC, adding PostegresSQL as an addon & replacing the value of SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URL in the database.py broke everything. How to do an update + join in PostgreSQL? This can be achieved by passing a schema_translate_map to the execution_options of an SQLAlchemy Connection. Why are you not setting the DNS string for the DB directly instead of glue them later? The only disadvantage is that some databases like MySQL/MariaDB do not have proper support for schemas - which was not an issue for us as we are using PostgreSQL. First, launch the psql program and connect to the PostgreSQL Database Server using the postgres user: Second, enter all the information such as Server, Database, Port, Username, and Password. It is therefore up to you whether you want include something like the following snippet or run the SQL query manually on all affected systems. When the migration is complete, you will access your Teams at stackoverflowteams.com, and they will no longer appear in the left sidebar on stackoverflow.com. to display their name in the frontend. We have 5 columns for each cleaning - id, name, description, cleaning_type, and price. full-stack-fastapi-postgresql is a Python library typically used in Devops, Continuous Deployment, Docker, Swagger applications. You can make your life a bit easier though by creating two migrations. (1) Replace the values in template.yml specified as {replace}. We are not going to use the public schema for one simple reason: This way, if we discover that any of our tables or types end up in the default schema, we have an indicator that we have messed something up :-). A somewhat simple solution we came up with was to create a function decorator that calls a function for every tenant in our database. How can I start PostgreSQL server on Mac OS X? Recommended to be set to write frequency, for example 1m if your data is written every minute. How can my Beastmaster ranger use its animal companion as a mount? Open the app/main.py file and add the following code to help us initialize the FastAPI server. The first part is to connect to the database: In the following case, limit and score are query parameters. Lastly, check the schema of the model in swagger UI. Password Hashing. What are the weather minimums in order to take off under IFR conditions? To some people, API is an intimidating jargon, but it shouldnt be feared. On top of that, we need to configure our alembic environment - usually done in an alembic.ini file located in our base directory: backend. At this point, we have a working database and are ready to start populating it with real data. Just open alembic/script.py.mako and add the highlighted lines: If you look closely I didnt only add the decorator but also code to compute the variable schema_quoted. Manually adding the decorator every time we need it is a bit of a chore. This variable contains the escaped schema name that can be used in queries like op.execute(f"DROP TYPE {schema_quoted}.myenum"). Touch device users, explore by touch or with swipe gestures. If you depend on this case, you need to extend this function. Contact us. When deploying FastAPI applications a common approach is to build a Linux container image. The main goal of this little demonstration project is to explore FastAPI framework using asyncio WITH a higher level abstraction named databases connected to a SQL (not async io by nature) PostgreSQL database. And that's exactly what we're about to do. Or you can instead add a wildcard record *.myapp.com that resolves all subdomains to the same IP without further configuration. Create a file and name it main.py . FastAPI doesnt require a relational database, but users are allowed to use any relational database, like PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQLite, Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server etc. SQLite. Would appreciate your direction on what might be wrong with the code. You can also use encode/databases with FastAPI to connect to databases using async and await. So, you can copy this example and run it as is. With an ORM, you normally create a class that represents a table in a SQL database, each . set_session (readonly = True) # read only! Therefore, a strong separation between your customers can make them feel more safe and encouraged to try things out. Well almost, there is one special case left: Types. How do you work with other schemas then? First, we need to import BaseModel from pydantic. def override_get_db(): connection = engine.connect() # begin a non-ORM transaction transaction = connection.begin() # bind an individual Session to the connection db = Session(bind=connection) # db = Session (engine) yield db db.rollback() connection.close() And this time it will work ! Let's start by creating a db directory to house all database-related code and a tasks.py file to go along with it. By default, Docker containers run and exit as soon as they've finished executing. and associate a connection with the context. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. We are using the Depends(get_db) to inject the db session from the function we wrote above. Oh, and fix everything we broke by using different schemas ;-). When starting your backend for the first time, you need to initialize the database by creating all necessary tables, types and so on. The next step is to decide for each table whether it should be tenant specific or shared across tenants. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Since a tenants values should rarely change, you dont need anything fancy. index: True or False. You should be able to access your existing tenant and add new tenants. What we've done here is compose a number of environment variables into a single database connection string that we'll use to link our FastAPI app to our postgres db. When the migration is complete, you will access your Teams at stackoverflowteams.com, and they will no longer appear in the left sidebar on stackoverflow.com. Thanks to Lets Encrypt this is neither complicated nor expensive any more. Async PostgreSQL with FastAPI dependency injection & SQLAlchemy. Inside our db directory, we're going to create two more directories - migrations and repositories. Ids are represented by integers. Create an environment file and name it . We use SQLAlchemy to create the different data types for each column. If your migration doesnt need any text SQL statements, you can just remove it again from the generated script. Price is represented by a floating point number, with 2 decimal places. For each tenant we use an id as primary key that we can use as foreign reference in other tables. Oh wow. We should see all of the files and directories that Docker has copied into our container. With the popularity of Python, a lot of frameworks are coming out for developers, such as Django, Flask and FastAPI. Luckily, there is a way to make this the default logic of the generated script. Position where neither player can force an *exact* outcome. A very simple tenant database model could look like this: The columns of the tenant table are not very exciting. (3) Run following steps for SAM in linux terminal. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Example: In the example demonstrated below, we import the required packages and modules, establish a connection to the PostgreSQL database and convert the dataframe to PostgreSQL table by using the to_sql() method. Now, we will also type in the code to have a User table which will be used to hold users data obviously. You can add an explicit DNS record for each tenant, which can introduce delays and you might need to fiddle around the API of your DNS provider. In this example that would be a123bc007edf. Query data from table. It gets complicated if you actually want to share some data across tenants, you allocate resources for tenants even if they dont use your app and managing hundreds of VMs or containers is not trivial. Sorted by: 1. This file is responsible for creating the model for the database. When we create the database, there is no tenant yet. The next step is to create the tenant specific tables each time a new tenant is added to our system. Love podcasts or audiobooks? Copy If done correctly, there should be a line that looks like this: To make sure that our database has been modified correctly, we'll execute psql in the db container. FastAPI and the underlying framework it's built on - Starlette - make this relatively straightforward. Now we will create a function that will help us and create a db session instance and will close the connection when we done with the query. Volumes exist so that our containers can maintain state between runs. The idea of multitenancy is to give each customer (tenant) the illusion of their own separate workspace, while using the same backend and resources. The go-to solution for SQLAlchemy database migrations is Alembic. Then get the IDs of all running processes like so: You should see an output that starts with something that looks like the following: Copy the ID of the container running our server. Here, we: Initialized a new SQLAlchemy engine using create_engine from SQLModel. To be extra safe, both databases contain two tenants. If you are using MySQL, you are out of luck though. Anyone who's set up postgres on their machine knows that it can be a pain in the ass at times. SQLAlchemy makes this very simple. When deploying such an app, making sure that each subdomain is handled by your backend is only part of the solution. This part can be painful. Update your docker-compose.yml file to look like this: A few things going on here. Summary. Why? To connect with PostgreSQL, we need to use sqlalchemy, which is the Python SQL toolkit and Object Relational Mapper that gives application developers the . If the schema[1] differs, the test fails. Third, add it to path operation, declare it the same way as path declaration and query parameters. Step 6: Implementing multitenancy in API endpoints. Did find rhyme with joined in the 18th century? A majority of the file refers mostly to how alembic should log information to the terminal. But more on this later. Open the integrated terminal in VS Code or your IDE and run the following commands to create a virtual environment: Windows Machine: $ py -3 -m venv venv. Execute migrations before adding new tenants. Type in the below code in db > models > users.py. We're also going to create some alembic-specific files for our migrations, and a base.py file in repositories. Sharing a document with the wrong employee or colleague is not as bad as sharing it with a complete stranger. Learn in which situations either approach performs well and how a combination can lead to the best results. Is a potential juror protected for what they say during jury selection? For the rest of the tutorial we will use two schemas, shared for all the shared data and tenant_[NAME] for a tenant with the name [NAME]. If you refer to the Alembic documentation, you'll notice that we've laid down the foundation for setting up a migration environment. We use __table_args__ to set the schema for the table to shared. MySQL. Can you check the logs for more detailed error message? We need to use two database connections since SQLAlchemy does not allow us to change the mapping after we established the connection. Here is the full code we use to initialize the database, including a check whether it already exists: After initializing our database, it is time to create our first tenant. This is only for demonstration purposes though, the final solution will be much more elegant than adding code to each API endpoint. For this to work, we need a possibility to remap the hard coded tenant schema to the actual schema name of the tenant we want to add. import os DATABASE_URL = os.environ.get ('DATABASE_URL') Share. The example below demonstrates how PostgreSQL can be used alongside FastAPI. Name, description, and cleaning_type are represented by text. 503), Fighting to balance identity and anonymity on the web(3) (Ep. Features: Course Udemy FastAPI Course. FastAPI is very fast due to its out-of-the-box support of the async feature of Python 3.6+. What makes Docker so great is how seamlessly we can integrate any database into our currently running application. Make sure you are in the directory part-13-docker-deployment, then run: docker-compose -f docker-compose.local.yml up -d The first time you run this command, the postgres image will be pulled from Docker Hub and the FastAPI application will be built from your local Dockerfile. First, We Build a REST API. Schemas are an extra hierarchy layer inside databases that can be used to group objects like tables, types or functions together. Now create a config.py file in the core directory. Create a file and name it models.py . After it, run this command: alembic init alembic. This doesnt guarantee that we didnt mess up the data during an upgrade but it at least ensures that the table definitions, types, are the same. Connect to PostgreSQL. Create a file and name it models.py. from logging.config import fileConfigfrom sqlalchemy import engine_from_configfrom sqlalchemy import poolfrom alembic import context# this is the Alembic Config object, which provides# access to the values within the .ini file in use.config = context.config# Interpret the config file for Python logging.# This line sets up loggers basically.fileConfig(config.config_file_name)# add your model's . All code up to this point can be found here: Hooking FastAPI Endpoints up to a Postgres Database, backend/app/db/__init__.py backend/app/db/tasks.py, # these can be configured in config as well, INFO: Connected to database postgresql://postgres:********@db:5432/postgres, backend/app/db/migrations backend/app/db/repositories, backend/app/db/migrations/script.py.mako backend/app/db/migrations/env.py, backend/app/db/repositories/__init__.py backend/app/db/repositories/base.py. serving multiple websites using the same IP and port. In order to keep your data, follow these steps: The slightly bad news is that there is no good way to auto-generate the first steps. Connecting FastAPI to PostgreSQL We can now use the connection string we've created to connect to our database using FastAPI's startup event. The real challenge in developing a multitenant application is separating the data in the database and supporting that in your code. FastAPI has great documentation and this article by @amitness was useful.
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