The Search feature in the online book is case sensitive. It aims to help students hone their analytical and problem-solving skills by presenting detailed approaches to solving chemical problems. Prof., Xavier University of Louisiana on 6/20/17, It is indeed a good book for students who are starting out chemistry at college level because a wide range of learners and students of different backgrounds can follow it. In 2009, the chairman of the Indian Atomic Energy Commission said that India has a "long-term objective goal of becoming energy-independent based on its vast thorium resources. Most of the examples are from North American continent and may not be understood by international students. The emphasis is on basic principles of atomic and molecular structure, thermodynamics, chemical kinetics and catalysis, properties of solutions, acid-base equilibria, hydrolysis and buffer solutions, and coordination compounds. The online version is also very good, and is probably the first online book that I have read that I prefer the ebook to the printed version. For the most part, the book is very clearly written and easy to follow. Boxes such as How Sciences Interconnect and Chemistry in Everyday Life should perhaps be highlighted in a different color than the sample exercises to allow the reader to more readily locate the information as one navigates through the pages. Additionally, it gives students a basis for understanding the application of quantitative principles to the chemistry that underlies the entire course. As we teach a one-semester general chemistry course instead of a more traditional two-semester course, we do cover some later chapters earlier in the course (e.g. It would be difficult for the text to be obsolete because it is an introductory level book; however, it appears that it would be easy to update the examples whenever necessary. Choice A: 10CO2 +4H2 O. I did not find any inconsistencies in abbreviations, terminology, or units. Reviewed by Richard Farrer, Associate Professor - Chemistry, Colorado State University - Pueblo on 2/1/18, The content of the book mirrors that of the majority of general chemistry books on the market. There is plenty of coverage of the fundamental topics that you would expect in a full year of chemistry at most institutions. In App B Essential Math is important for many students not strong in math. And this scale is known as Pauling electronegativity scale.) The General Chemistry curriculum is nearly de facto standardized. As a result, handling small amounts of thorium, such as those in gas mantles, is considered safe, although the use of such items may pose some risks. [37], The simplest of the cyclopentadienyls are Th(C5H5)3 and Th(C5H5)4: many derivatives are known. It doesn't lend itself to "read this page/paragraph" or whatever, but in the context of this class a section is a "light" assignment. [31] Thorium oxide is being replaced in this use with other oxides, such as those of zirconium, cerium, and lanthanum. [61] They are important in thorium purification and the disposal of nuclear waste, but most of them have not yet been fully characterized, especially regarding their structural properties. It is not clear whether there is a distinct advantage in ATOMS FIRST over the other General Chemistry textbooks to bring home the message that molecular structures (Lewis structures and molecular geometry) do offer further insights into the explanations of different states of matter (solids, liquids, and gases), other physical properties of matter, and chemical reaction mechanisms although placing quantum mechanics earlier in the book does encourage faculty and students to concentrate more on the importance in understanding atomic and molecular structures before all other topics. Also, the use of conversion factors was shown well. The result is a concentrate with rare-earth content of up to 90%. For the most part, the text was well written and the concepts broken down well and explained thoroughly for students. $$ Clearly it has the necessary 'jargon' required for a chemistry book, but it does not go out-of-the-way to include undefined or incorrect terms. I used the pdf, and apart from the index, which could have more substructure, it worked fine for me. [146] Replacements for thorium tetrafluoride are being developed as of the 2010s,[147] which include Lanthanum trifluoride. I did not come across any inaccuracy or misconceptions. No errors in calculations, units, or diagrams were noted. [139] According to the 2005 review by the United Kingdom's National Radiological Protection Board, "although [thoriated gas mantles] were widely available a few years ago, they are not any more. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. The order of topics for a second-semester course (thermochemistry, thermodynamics, equilibrium chemistry, and kinetics) is a little different from my preferred structure (I prefer to cover kinetics before thermodynamics and equilibrium chemistry) but I did not have any difficulty adapting this textbook to that order. Chapter 19 deals with transition metal complexes and Chapters 20 and 21 introduce nuclear chemistry and organic chemistry. The visualization of a concept with an interactive activity is really pedagogic and matches my teaching style. Chapter 5 Chem 100 On the computer, I like reading from top to bottom and some on-line texts, you have to scroll through pages left to right and you cannot see the whole page at once so you have to scroll down to the bottom of the page before clicking the right arrow. The very nature of OpenSTAX allows for updates, and further additions will likely maintain similar electronic formats (and not significantly deviate from the print version). Overall, the textbook is very easily divisible into smaller reading sections, especially since they have a table of contents list that is clickable and can lead you to various different sections of the book. This is book is fairly well representative of what you will find in most Atoms First textbooks. Fig. [34][35] Both of these dating methods assume that the proportion of 230Th to 232Th is a constant during the period when the sediment layer was formed, that the sediment did not already contain thorium before contributions from the decay of uranium, and that the thorium cannot migrate within the sediment layer. I have made several suggestions for some topics that can be moved earlier to help with this. However, in Appendix A, the colors in periodic table are too light. Yet, most sections have subsections, and those are first of all not numbered, second, not part of the table-of-contents, and therefore-and most importantly-not part of the pdf (or html) index. From very early times, alchemists gave names to substances, although these names gave little if any indication of the actual composition and or structure, which is the aim of a true nomenclature. Electronegativity Chart of All Elements Chemistry Sidebars entitled Portrait of a Chemist present a short bio and an introduction to the work of prominent figures from history and present day so students can see the face of contributors in this field as well as science in action. With the later recognition that the rare earths were mostly trivalent and thorium was tetravalent, Mendeleev moved cerium and thorium to group IV in 1871, which also contained the modern carbon group (group 14) and titanium group (group 4), because their maximum oxidation state was +4. read more. Using the electronegativity values in Figure 7.2. Neutron capture is the only way for stars to synthesise elements beyond iron because of the increased Coulomb barriers that make interactions between charged particles difficult at high atomic numbers and the fact that fusion beyond 56Fe is endothermic. I'm impressed with the comprehensiveness of this textbook and how it compares to the published textbook we currently use. How many types of chemical bonds exist? This gives students a platform upon which to stand when systems become more complicated (ex. Based on my experience writing a lab manual, I can still find grammatical error after even the third edition. One section that could use a slight expansion of content to be more relevant is Molecular Orbital Theory. Chemistry 1411- Test 2 How many electrons are associated with a double bond? [9] Thorium chemistry is therefore largely that of an electropositive metal forming a single diamagnetic ion with a stable noble-gas configuration, indicating a similarity between thorium and the main group elements of the s-block. This is no fault of the publisher or authors. In the first hour of use large fractions of the thorium daughters 224Ra, 228Ra, 212Pb, and 212Bi are released. [66][69][70], In the universe, thorium is among the rarest of the primordial elements, because it is one of the two elements that can be produced only in the r-process (the other being uranium), and also because it has slowly been decaying away from the moment it formed. [46] All four heavier pnictogens (phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth) also form binary thorium compounds. The end-of-chapter summaries help with understanding new terms presented in that section. On the other hand, a search for CO returned results for both CO and Co, which is a problem in my opinion. Thanks to the reactivity of thorium with atmospheric oxygen and nitrogen, thorium also acts as a getter for impurities in the evacuated tubes. read more. 2 4. For the most part, I think the images/charts/etc are appropriate and to-the-point, but lack some of the visual appeal and clarity of "conventional" texts, however, some of the images/charts seem bigger than necessary with respect to their pedagogical utility (e.g. There were good figures--perhaps not as fancy as in some commercial texts, but clear enough. I don't think that would even occur to the print user (except maybe as "I wish this was online"). are the units of electronegativity Chemistry There seem to be some minor notation differences between the online book and the pdf, particularly with velocity and nu. Thorium nitrate pentahydrate was the first known example of coordination number 11, the oxalate tetrahydrate has coordination number 10, and the borohydride (first prepared in the Manhattan Project) has coordination number 14. That said, multiple platforms are required for the interactive links which may result in issues for some students, as they may be using different means to access them. read more. [101][l], While thorium was discovered in 1828 its first application dates only from 1885, when Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach invented the gas mantle, a portable source of light which produces light from the incandescence of thorium oxide when heated by burning gaseous fuels. I also like the usage of current examples such as biofuels related to enthalpy, climate change, etc. Finding Electronegativity Difference (END) In Polyatomic Ions. Other uses for thorium include heat-resistant ceramics, aircraft engines, and in light bulbs. [138] Thorium in mantles, though still common, has been progressively replaced with yttrium since the late 1990s. $$ Filtration of the remaining precipitates followed by addition of 47% sodium hydroxide results in the precipitation of thorium and uranium at about pH5.8. 3.20 Highly misleading. It helps instructors write exams and more importantly, it lets students have a vast amount of problems to work for practice. Although some of the sections are longer than others, this is inherent in the topic being covered, or the authors have provided a lot of examples, which is all to the good for students. [31][114] Despite its radioactivity, the element has remained in use for applications where no suitable alternatives could be found. Journalism, Media Studies & Communications, Chapter 3: Electronic Structure and Periodic Properties of Elements, Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry, Chapter 6: Composition of Substances and Solutions, Chapter 7: Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions, Chapter 13: Fundamental Equilibrium Concepts, Chapter 15: Equilibria of Other Reaction Classes, Chapter 18: Representative Metals, Metalloids, and Nonmetals, Chapter 19: Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry, Composition of Commercial Acids and Bases, Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances, Standard Electrode (Half-Cell) Potentials, Half-Lives for Several Radioactive Isotopes. There is no color change in the table (either in online or pdf). You can download the paper by clicking the button above. In fact, there are no end of chapter problems on combustion analysis at all. 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