Renewable feedstocks as a path to sustainable living Renewable feedstocks entail the elimination of non-renewable carbon resources such as coal, oil, and natural gas as feedstocks for organic chemistry, otherwise known as de-fossilization. Our solid foundation is a point of pride. These sources are soybeans, corn and animal fats. Use this data to compare biomass feedstocks and biofuels by location and calculate the biofuels potential for a given area. Renewable diesel is produced from a broad range of renewable raw materials, including residues and vegetable oils, absorbing waste and repurposing it into clean energy. Feedstock Importer, Renewable Diesel Exporter. U.S. Renewable Diesel Fuel and Other Biofuels Plant Production Capacity - The report contains data for U.S. renewable diesel fuel and other biofuels (excluding fuel ethanol and biodiesel) plants. Soybean oil use for biodiesel production increased about 30% from 2014 to 2017. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. Renewable-fuel feedstock can come from a variety of sources, and each has numerous benefits. After leaving IAG, he developed and implemented trading strategies for grain, oilseed and livestock for a hedge fund. Processing Soybean oil accounted for about half of biodiesel feedstocks inputs between 2014 and 2017. Tankage will be repurposed to house feedstock and products. To view maps of feedstocks, see the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's Biomass Maps. In other words, those feedstocks that are available, reliable, and (sometimes) affordable. The Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS), a federal program that mandates the blending of biofuels into the nations fuel supply, has generally encouraged higher biodiesel blends through targets that have increased over time. Crude oil, gasoline, heating oil, diesel, propane, and other liquids including biofuels and natural gas liquids. Tools to customize searches, view specific data sets, study detailed documentation, and access time-series data. Tore Alden began his career as an analyst for the Agricultural Marketing Group at Smith Barney. Bob Lane holds an MBA and a BBA in finance from Loyola University in Chicago. We have updated CARBS forecast with our own methodology, adjusting assumptions to the latest trends. He has experience in real estate asset management and spent more than 15 years as a professional analyst and trader for options, futures and equities on the floors of the Chicago Board of Trade and the Chicago Board Options Exchange. Renewable Fuel Standard Program Approved Pathways for Renewable Fuel Below is a list of approved fuel pathways under the RFS program. MktoForms2.loadForm("//info.fastmarkets.com", "930-YSN-342", 1504); We updated our proprietary balance sheets with CARBS projections looking at the impact on LCFS till 2030 and the implications for feedstock balance sheets using CARBs forecasted demand. read more. There's a RIN for ethanol, there's a RIN for biodiesel, and there are RINs for other renewable fuel feedstocks. Fuel: Supplies agricultural feedstocks to our . Low CI Feedstock supply and demand balance sheets and forecasts. International energy information, including overviews, rankings, data, and analyses. We examine how these factors could impact demand. Renewable Diesel Process Snapshot 1. In turn, a catalysts costs are a function of its service life. Maps, tools, and resources related to energy disruptions and infrastructure. It is a credit that some player in the supply chain generated by blending renewable fuels into its final product. As the transportation fuel and chemical markets require urgent shifts to meet future demands while lowering average carbon intensity of fuels and products, the use of renewable & alternative feedstocks will play an increasing role in the game tomorrow. Renewable chemistry research has traditionally focused on finding alternatives to petrochemical-based fuels. Updated list of feedstocks. Energy & Financial Markets: What Drives Crude Oil Prices? Historical analysis of CARBs forecasted credit generation vs actual for the program to date. You can opt-out if you wish. Corn ethanol meets the renewable fuel category of the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS), which is limited to 15 billion gallons. For . Yes, well continue the discussion on a weekly basis on our Market Intelligence Report for Biofuels. Oil production from algae and jatropha have yet to demonstrate suitable yield or scale to make any significant contribution to the triglyceride supply. Feedstocks may include wheat straw, corn stover, dairy manure or municipal solid waste and result in CI scores that are near zero or negative. Renewable diesel can be produced by hydroprocessing of triglyceride feedstocks. Diesel from renewable feedstocks. Get emails about this page They are abundant and can be used to produce cellulosic biofuels required by the RFS. DISCUSSIONS WITH INDUSTRY AND GOVERNMENT INSIDERS, Senior Analyst - Biodiesel, Vegetable Oil and Grain, Bob Lane holds an MBA and a BBA in finance from Loyola University in Chicago. All plants contain sugars, and these sugars can be fermented to make ethanol in a process called "biochemical conversion." Use the unsubscribe link in those emails to opt out at any time. This monumental change will exert pressure on the feedstock market. Reserves, production, prices, employment and productivity, distribution, stocks, imports and exports. Everyone who participates in the soybean oil, canola oil, and waste oils as well as animal fats markets, given the impact these fuel programs are having on traditional pricing hierarchy. In this collection, we highlight leading research, reviews and perspectives, commentaries, and future energy articles in the broad field of renewable fuel production. EIA's free and open data available as API, Excel add-in, bulk files, and widgets. Short, timely articles with graphics on energy, facts, issues, and trends. jet fuel, and gasoline. Solidified waxes can clog engine fuel filters and injectors. Modern Slavery Act Transparency Statement. Taking our 10 year forecast and factoring in rumors, innuendo, and technologies like co-processing, the size of the market could be significantly larger. It has become popular because it reduces emissions and has up to 85% less sulfur than ultra-low sulfur diesel. Chevron would have offtake rights to the oil to use as renewable feedstock to manufacture diesel and jet fuel with lower lifecycle carbon intensity, in addition to providing market knowledge and downstream retail and commercial distribution channels. Send your feedback to, Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS), Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS). 38 Results . The four renewable fuel categories under the RFS are: Biomass-based diesel Cellulosic biofuel Advanced biofuel Total renewable fuel Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Still others us lignocellulosic biomass, which feeds the fermentation process with the hydrocarbons stored in the stems and leaves of the plant. We examine how these factors could impact demand. Less fossil fuel energy is required to grow, collect, and convert them to ethanol, and they are not used for human food. The most common form of renewable propane today is a byproduct of renewable diesel and sustainable aviation fuel made primarily from plant and vegetable oils, animal fats, or used cooking oil. Renewable diesel is produced commercially via hydroprocessing from a number of feedstocks including triglycerides, fatty acid feedstocks and crude tall oil. It's more challenging to release the sugars in these feedstocks for conversion to ethanol. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Rice Straw has historically been burned in southeast Asia, emitting greenhouse gases and air pollution in some Asian countries. Using this foundational information, we will use data and advanced modeling to update our years five-year forecast. Renewable-fuel feedstock can come from a variety of sources, and each has numerous benefits. For a full description of the requirements for these pathways, see the RFS Regulations at 40 CFR part 80 subpart M. Generally Applicable Pathways Completed Pathway Assessments Generally Applicable Pathways Renewable Fuels & Feedstocks Outlook Last Updated: 10.19.2021 Our team of Senior Analysts has compiled a comprehensive report on the biomass-based fuels market looking ahead till 2030. Feedstock Supply for Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel Producers. One of North America's largest biodiesel and renewable diesel producers, Renewable Energy Group, Inc. (REG), has announced that it will install a state-of-the-art feedstock pretreatment facility in Germany, enabling the company to refine some of the lowest carbon intensity, hardest to convert waste fats and oils for bio-based diesel production. Exploration and reserves, storage, imports and exports, production, prices, sales. These are high-reward products. Each source is unique in terms of the fatty acid profile and the pretreatment steps necessary for use as a feedstock for the renewable diesel production process. The result is that three primary sources furnish essentially all the triglyceride feedstocks available in the U.S. for conversion to renewable diesel. Corn has large biomass so it captures carbon while it delivers protein to the food supply and also creates energy-dense liquids that help reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, The Jacobsen forecasts scenarios based on A) the present swell of Renewable Diesel production anticipated for the 2021 2025 period and B) potential for Co-processing technology to further demand in the 2025 2030 time frame. Ryan Standard earned a degree in English literature and history from Monmouth College, while maintaining a parallel track in economics. While several process licensers offer proven technologies for this process with a variety of feedstocks, there's a lot to understand before beginning a project and selecting a feedstock for your renewable diesel production process. Biodiesel is a renewable fuel made from various feedstocks, including refined vegetable oils, recycled cooking oils, and rendered animal fats. Major refiners have started the conversion to renewable fuels. Selecting a feedstock depends on many factors, such as how difficult it is to grow a specific crop for ethanol, where crops can be cultivated (geographically), and whether the crops are being set aside for other uses, such as livestock feed or human nutrition. Our team of Senior Analyst update our pricing data across all our product offerings on a daily basis, giving you the most accurate accounting of market movements. In Refinery Co-processing, Ensyn's biocrude is used as a feedstock for the Fluid Catalytic Cracker (FCC) unit in refineries. Feedstocks can enter the plant through rail, truck or ships and barges. Producing them, however, comes with more . Ever wonder why Gevo is focused on corn for use as a feedstock to produce sustainable aviation fuel (SAF)? The above chart shows that the forecast for feedstock production keeps growing year on year. info@gevo.com Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. Collection: Renewable Fuels and Feedstocks. The renewable diesel product is fractionated to separate propane as a separate product and to remove water from the renewable diesel as a waste stream. https://events.fastmarkets.com/event/f3df1451-f1c1-497d-8818-6be13ef527cc/websitePage:c527be9c-af69-48d1-a107-b3eab50abd0a?utm_campaign=oilseeds&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter #renewables #feedstocks #biofuels, We are excited to announce that we have acquired @thejake1865, expanding and strengthening our agriculture business and bringing new insights and capabilities to our customers. BNSF is a sustainable mode of transport for low-carbon renewable fuels such as renewable diesel, biodiesel, renewable naphtha, sustainable aviation fuel and renewable jet fuel. Petroleum Supply Monthly - Supply and disposition of crude oil, petroleum products, and biofuels on a national and regional level. Subscribe to feeds for updates on EIA products including Today in Energy and What's New. Palm oil production is scalable, but acceptance is limited by environmental concerns. The cetane number is an indicator of the fuels propensity to auto-ignite predictably in a compression-ignition engine. Maps by energy source and topic, includes forecast maps. Yellow grease (used cooking oil from restaurants) to produce biofuel increased almost 40% over the past four years, from about 1.0 billion to 1.5 billion pounds, and accounted for more than 10% of total biofuel feedstock in 2017. Almost any plant-based material can be an ethanol feedstock. Energy. Its important to note that the cost of the triglyceride feedstock is the largest contributor to the cost of production. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. 345 Inverness Drive South, Building C Suite 310, Englewood, CO 80112 Renewable Diesel Feedstock - An Alternative Clean Energy Investment Part 1 Fiona Boal Head of Commodities and Real Assets S&P Dow Jones Indices Renewable diesel 1 is one of the newer clean energy fuels on the market. 2. NEW YORK, April 9 (Reuters) - Demand for feedstocks from renewable fuel producers is expected to surge in the United States in coming years as companies scramble to expand output. Vegetable oil prices extended higher on Friday, with U.S. soybean oil futures up again on bean oil/meal spreading as well as Veg Oils Rise as Weather Woes Remain Focus for Soybean Oil. The composition and characteristics of biodiesel are distinct among the various feedstocks and their petroleum-based equivalentultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD)which is the most common type of diesel used for transportation. There are challenges with harvesting, collecting, and delivering cellulosic feedstocks. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Section 1: Renewable Fuels Project Tracker, Section 2: Crop & Virgin Vegetable Oil Markets, Section 3: Low Carbon Intensity Fats & Oils, Section 4: Californias Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS). We utilize rheological characterization and granular solids flow testing to better understand how physical, chemical, and biological processing impact biomass feeding and handling throughout the biorefinery. Please reload the page and try again. When the group left to form International Agribusiness Group (IAG), he directed the firms fundamental research reports covering the markets for grain, oilseed, coffee, frozen concentrated orange juice, along with oil and natural gas. St. Louis, MO - April 26, 2022 - Bunge (NYSE: BG) and CoverCress Inc. ("CCI") announced today a unique commercial partnership to bring a new renewable oilseed and animal feed crop to market. Biodiesel produced from feedstocks such as inedible tallow may require the use of additives or blending at higher levels with lower cloud point ULSD to mitigate cold weather concerns. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. And with its high cetane number and low sulphur content, you can blend it with lower-grade fossil diesel so it complies with . We also are looking for feedstocks that help to sequester carbon in the soil through the growing process. Tore Alden began his career as an analyst for the Agricultural Marketing Group at Smith Barney. Choosing an effective and cost-efficient feedstock requires that operators understand these issues before making an informed decision for their renewable diesel production process. Tore covers the Vegetable Oils Bulletinfor The Jacobsen. Comprehensive data summaries, comparisons, analysis, and projections integrated across all energy sources. This ensures there are enough feedstocks to meet demand in livestock feed, human food, and export markets. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Triglycerides include plant oils and animal fats and can be sourced as either virgin or recycled materials. John Cusick, Senior Analyst at The Jacobsen, We updated our proprietary balance sheets with CARBS projections. Renewable Diesel Feedstocks: What Operators Need to Know, The Digital Evolution of Materials Management, Treatability Testing Is Crucial as Refineries Push for Renewable Fuels, Supplementing Workplace Connections Through Digital Knowledge Networks, Saturation of the double bonds in the fatty acid, Decarboxylation to free the fatty acids from the glycerin backbone, Isomerization to reduce carbon chain lengths and provide branching to improve flow and combustion characteristics. Commercial plants currently use this technology. If were going to move the dial on carbon intensity in a market like jet fuel, we need to have the volume to replace millions of gallons of fossil-based fuels. Gevo held the groundbreaking of its first commercial-scale sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) facility, Net-Zero 1 (NZ1) in Lake Preston, South Dakota. The step-change in oil productivity achieved through producing oil feedstocks directly in high biomass crops promises significantly lower cost-of-goods for renewable oils and fuels. Biomass Feedstocks as a Renewable Carbon Source Terrestrial lignocellulosic biomass (i.e., plants and plant-based materials not used for food or feed) is an abundant, renewable, and sustainable resource for producing biofuels, bioproducts, and biopower. Over 150+ years of agricultural data overlaid with a sophisticated AI to forecast outcomes with higher degrees of certainty. Both renewable fuel processors and oil refiners are trying to profit off the growing market for sustainable aviation fuel and renewable diesel, but high prices for feedstocks like soybean oil has . U.S. Because it generally has lower oxidative stability, petroleum diesel can be stored longer than biodiesel feedstocks such as white grease and tallow. Grn Fuels' 65,000 barrel per day sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) and renewable diesel (RD) plant will serve global customers in need of low or negative carbon transportation fuels. Corn is the leading U.S. crop and serves as the feedstock for most domestic ethanol production. Reports requested by congress or otherwise deemed important. Sales, revenue and prices, power plants, fuel use, stocks, generation, trade, demand & emissions. First of all, consider the scale. Upgrade with our Pro Plan which includes weekly Price Forecasting updates. Detailed information on biomass feedstocks is available from Idaho National Laboratory's Biomass Feedstock National User Facility or in the Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands' Phyllis database. Carson's suppliers are committed to refining their product from certified 100 percent renewable and sustainable feedstock free from deforestation and conflict-free zones. This ensures there are enough feedstocks to meet demand in livestock feed, human food, and export markets. The RIN allows any business that needs to meet renewable fuel requirements to use it toward RFS compliance. GDPR: This website uses cookies to improve your experience. As refiners consider renewable, low-carbon alternatives, renewable diesel refined from agricultural products using petroleum refinery processes is gaining traction. Energy use in homes, commercial buildings, manufacturing, and transportation. As part of the IOSCO credentialing process, independent legal services company Catalyst Law Group examined The Jacobsens policies and processes for assessing prices for the Used Cooking Oil, Tallow and Distiller Corn Oil markets. Come test out some of the products still in development and let us know what you think! Financial market analysis and financial data for major energy companies. Lubricants combine indispensable performance characteristics in transportation and industry with considerable economic value. Bob is a commodity analyst and editor of the Biodiesel and Grain & Feed Bulletins for The Jacobsen. Gevo looks at innovative ways that each feedstock could be used to reduce carbon output in the process of producing energy-dense liquids. When the group left to form International Agribusiness Group (IAG), he directed the firms fundamental research reports covering the markets for grain, oilseed, coffee, frozen concentrated orange juice, along with oil and natural gas. Different feedstocks produce biodiesel with distinct qualities that must be considered when blending biodiesel with petroleum diesel for use in transportation. We also are looking for feedstocks that help to sequester carbon in the soil through the growing process. In contrast, most renewable diesel plants are typically retrofits of former big petrol refineries and require significant volumes of commercially traded, available feedstocks (soy, canola, palm, UCO, some animal fats) to maintain a feasible profit margin. Our team of Senior Analysts has compiled a comprehensive report on the biomass-based fuels market looking ahead till 2030. Corn is the leading U.S. crop and serves as the feedstock for most domestic ethanol production. Renewable diesel1 is one of the newer clean energy fuels on the market. Stand-alone Processing. He has experience in real estate asset management and spent more than 15 years as a professional analyst and trader for options, futures and equities on the floors of the Chicago Board of Trade and the Chicago Board Options Exchange. Research Team Principal Investigators Daniel Carpenter Senior Scientist Daniel.Carpenter@nrel.gov 303-384-6709 Ed Wolfrum Including UCO, Tallow, DCO, Soy and Canola Oil. DOE Strategic Goals for the Use of Renewable Feedstocks Dramatically reduce, or even end, dependence on foreign oil (a displacement and energy component) Spur the creation of a domestic bioindustry (an enabling and economic component) Integration of chemicals with fuels will simultaneously address both goals. Lesson plans, science fair experiments, field trips, teacher guide, and career corner. We have included announced, and funded RD projects that shows a significantly larger contribution to the LCFS program than is currently budgeted. The modern world is both built from and powered by oil and interest is now shifting more to finding alternative sources for the range of chemical feedstocks that crude oil also provides. Neste Oil imports feedstock from five continents to process renewable diesel in Singapore, Rotterdam and Finland, then ships its fuel to destination markets in the EU, North America and Asia-Pacific. The performance of renewable diesel feedstocks was strong over the past 12-month period (see Exhibit 2), reflecting robust restocking demand from existing . . Uranium fuel, nuclear reactors, generation, spent fuel. The agreement establishes a long-term commercial relationship between the two companies and supports the expansion of CCI's CoverCress technology, a new winter oilseed crop that is ideal as a . Refined vegetable oils, particularly soybean oil and canola oil, have been the most common biodiesel feedstock types in the United States. In part 1 of our blog, we introduced renewable diesel feedstock. As time goes on, we compare our results to actuals and continually refine our forecast on a weekly basis. The landscape, technical details, and overlooked information, all in one place. The oxidative stability measures the ability of fuel to resist oxidation during storage and use. #FastmarketsAgriculture #agriculture #acquisition. The U.S. Department of Energy Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO) empowers energy companies and aviation stakeholders by supporting advances in research, development, and demonstration to overcome barriers for widespread deployment of low-carbon sustainable aviation fuel (SAF).. SAF made from renewable biomass and waste resources have the potential to deliver the performance of petroleum . While several process licensers offer proven technologies for this process with a variety of feedstocks, theres a lot to understand before beginning a project and selecting a feedstock for your renewable diesel production process. About Chevron Chevron is one of the world's leading integrated energy companies. Carryover RINs provide flexibility in the face of a variety of unforeseeable circumstances that could limit the availability of RINs and reduce spikes in compliance costs, including weather-related damage to renewable fuel feedstocks and other circumstances potentially affecting the production and distribution of renewable fuel. Some use the sugar or starch of the plant seed or root of the plant to feed the fermentation process, consuming the plant biomass we generally consider to be a ready source of carbohydrate energy. Located at the Port of Greater Baton Rouge, Grn Fuels is designed to use all traditional renewable feedstocks, including fats, oils, and greases, as well as . in Latest. Regional energy information including dashboards, maps, data, and analyses. There was an error and we couldn't process your subscription. Other contributing sources might include reclaimed fats and oils like yellow grease and used cooking oil recovered from restaurants, but these are secondary sources limited to reuse of triglycerides from the primary sources. The Jacobsen has created 2 additional case scenarios to explore the larger volume of rumored Renewable Distillate production potentially coming at the market. The Jacobsen has tracked and monitored the LCFS program since its inception. The planned renewable fuel capacity is set to outpace domestic feedstock supply; where will the additional feedstock come from? Tallow (beef fat) and white grease (pork fat) each provided about 3% to 6% of total feedstock inputs between 2014 and 2017. Corn Is a Very Efficient Feedstock for Producing Sustainable Aviation Fuel, Gevo Breaks Ground on Net-Zero 1 Site in Lake Preston, South Dakota, Gevo CEO Dr. Patrick Gruber Testifies Before Congress: House Committee on Agriculture 2022 Review of Farm Bill: Energy and Renewable Energy. The process consumes hydrogen and liberates water as the three fatty acids in the triglyceride feedstock are converted to renewable diesel molecules. Researchers are studying these challenges to determine effective and affordable solutions to handling cellulosic feedstocks. Other feedstocks of interest may . Members of the Business Aviation Coalition for Sustainable Aviation Fuel urged the U.S . For instance, animal triglycerides including tallow from beef production, lard from pork production, and poultry fat from chicken and turkey processing are fats available exclusively as a result of demand for those primary meat products. Algae if cultivated on land in ponds or photobioreactors; Biomass fraction of mixed municipal waste, but not separated household . Beets are a traditional sugar crops to be used to produce biofuel. Weve been honing our forecasting over the last few years using an assortment of AI and Machine Learning. Includes hydropower, solar, wind, geothermal, biomass and ethanol. We look at the implication from this larger footprint at the feedstock markets. Using renewable energy as an input, Power-to-X technologies have the potential to replace fossil fuels and chemicals . Three sources of feedstocks used in the production of renewable fuels from triglycerides are: corn, soybean and animal fats. For Investor Relations Inquiries, please email IR@gevo.com. Republished May 9, 2019, to correct the paragraph on oxidative stability. The Fiber Reactor renewable fuels package incorporates microchanel fiber reactors which effectively remove free fatty acids, metals, phospholipides chlorides and other water soluble . Our team examins what is happening concerning biofuels and biomass-based diesel where present demand comes to the liquid biomass feedstock market. Biodiesel is often blended with petroleum diesel in percentages ranging from 5% to 20% biodiesel, or B5-B20. Bagasse (sugar cane waste) can be used as a feedstock for biofuel, putting even more of the carbon from sugar growing to good use. feedstocks have significant displacement or land use change emissionsix and would not meet the above mentioned principles. We've released our feedstock balance sheets for those looking to gain insights on where The Jacobsen Analyst Team sees the markets headed in the next 10 years. Rising Tide Whats Ahead in the FOG Markets Ryan Standard, Fastmarkets / The Jacobsen The following video is a capture from The Jacobsen Fuels & Feedstocks Virtual Conference We're less than 16 days away from our Jacobsen Fuels & Feedstock conference. BNSF can also support your transportation needs for the shipment of renewable fuels feedstocks such as vegetable oils, recycled animal fats, used . Chevron, Bunge Announce Proposed Joint Venture to Create Renewable Fuel Feedstocks, SAN RAMON, Calif. & ST. LOUIS, September 2, 2021 Biofuel Chevron Renewable Fuel Neste to Acquire US Based Agri Trading to Strengthen its Renewable Raw Material Trading and Sourcing to Serve Increasing Customer Demand for Renewable and Circular Solutions The RFS program is a national policy that requires a certain volume of renewable fuel to replace or reduce the quantity of petroleum-based transportation fuel, heating oil or jet fuel. Renewable feedstocks generate significantly lower lifecycle GHG emissions than petroleum and other hydrocarbon fuels. The sugars in these feedstocks are easy to extract and ferment, making large-scale ethanol production affordable. Gevos management team was joined today by a large contingent of dignitaries and honored guests, including government officials, representatives from partner companies and customers, business leaders, local farmers, and members of the media to Dr. Patrick Gruber, CEO of Gevo, Inc., testified on the topics of Energy and Renewable Energy.
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