One of the translators was unfamiliar with the measure. Therefore, this study investigated relationships among academic stress, test anxiety, coping strategies, perceived social support and test performance in a Chinese high school sample. The last part of the questionnaire measured coping strategies using a brief measure of COPE that was developed by Carver. The mental health of students in higher education is of paramount importance, and the COVID-19 pandemic has brought this vulnerable population into renewed focus. Monticone M, Ferrante S, Giorgi I, Galandra C, Rocca B, Foti C. Development of the Italian version of the 42-item Chronic Pain Coping Inventory, CPCI-I: Cross-cultural adaptation, factor analysis, reliability and validity. Casey D., Thomas S., Hocking D.R., Kemp-Casey A. Graduate-entry medical students: Older and wiser but not less distressed. Please note: There were fewer male respondents, but this is reflective of the gender split of the students enrolled on the MPharm degree. Data collection involved using a specially designed . questionnaire by De Leon (2013) for the coping strategies were used. Connor-Smith, J. K., Compas, B. E., Wadsworth, M. E., Thomsen, A. H., & Saltzman, H. (2000). The academic performance was measured by determining the overall GPA of the respondents. Second, the relationships between self-reported beliefs and objective measures of coping, such as behavioural observations or reports of cognitive coping during structured or standardized situations, were not considered because only self-administered measures were used. Perceived stress, stressors, and coping mechanisms among doctor of pharmacy students. as prolonged stress can lead to depression (Sarafino, 2002). List at least 5 activities you do every day. Participants rate how often they use each coping method or experience each type of involuntary stress response on a scale of 1 (Not at all) to 4 (A lot). Rate (1-5) the following according to the most difficult problems you have to deal with. Learn more A total of 380 patients were invited to participate, of whom 345 accepted, resulting in a response rate of 90.8%. Cut-off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. In 1996, an exploratory factor analysis of a large sample of subjects with chronic pain suggested a six-factor solution that was relatively supportive of the original scales, and showed satisfactory reliability and construct validity (7). Distribution of the questionnaires took place during December 2017 and January 2018. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (. Indeed, to the best of the authors knowledge, sparse research has been carried out in the United Kingdom (UK) relating to stress among pharmacy students [18] (more studies have been conducted among pharmacy students in the United States of America (USA), such as ([4,19]), one study has been conducted in Malaysia [20], and one study has been conducted in Ghana [5]). Our findings also suggest that the CSQ-Revised and CPCI have different constructs, thus highlighting their distinctive contribution to multidisciplinary pain programs and confirming the intent of the original developers of the CPCI to create a questionnaire that investigated previously ignored coping strategies (22). PMC legacy view Name (optional) : _________________________ Section: __________________ Gender: ________________ Age: __________________ Stress 1. Il avait une bonne structure factorielle, et ses proprits psychomtriques sont semblables celle de la version originale et des autres versions adaptes. Our free Coping Questionnaires are an easy way to discover more about yourself and what aspects of your life you might like to improve. 1School of Pharmacy, Queens University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; ku.ca.buq@17nosliwm (M.W. Descriptive statistics were calculated to identify floor/ceiling effects, which were considered to be present when >15% of the subjects obtained the lowest or highest possible subscale scores (13). Within the degree program itself, the most common stressors were OSCEs, one-off written examinations, and the large volume of material to learn within the allocated timeframe. Stress among medical students. This study aims to assess severity, sources of stress, and coping strategies among medical students of a non-Western low-income country from South Asia. The questionnaire was acceptable and easily understood, and could be self-administered in approximately 10 min. There were several limitations to the present study. For the purpose of gathering information from respondents on personal data, coping strategies, stress and academic anxiety, the Stress and coping strategy questionnaire which was consists of a series of questions about stress and coping strategies was administered to a total of 90 (90%) students. Another strength was that a high response rate, meaning that non-response bias is unlikely. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the mediating role of coping styles in the relationship between the core of self-assessment and academic stress. When the coping questionnaires were compared, Catastrophizing and Praying were statistically significantly and positively related to CPCI maladaptive strategies (from r=0.11 to r=0.26, and from r=0.17 to r=0.29); weaker correlations were found in the case of adaptive strategies, except when CPCI Seeking social support was compared with Catastrophizing (r=0.14) and Praying (r=0.26). Accessibility information. The instrument had undergone some modifications before distributing it first to ten respondents for external validation and subjecting it to Cronbachs' alpha test for internal validity. A cover sheet at the start of the questionnaire outlined the purpose of the research, gave a predicted time required to complete the questionnaire, provided assurance the participation was voluntary, and explained how the data (which was non-identifiable) would be used. * Each item (A1A10) is rated on a 5-point scale [never = 0 to almost always = 4]. For most students, managing stress during college can be extremely challenging. The CSQ-Revised was initially administered to 50 patients with chronic nonspecific pain to probe what was meant by each item and the chosen response. While on the high seas, the three had a drinking, Lambert an American Citizen, came to pay a visit in Baguio City. The site is secure. The expert committee re-evaluated all of the findings, although no further adjustment was required. Self-esteem and academic stress among nursing students. Cohen S., Janicki-Deverts D. Whos stressed? This procedure was performed in accordance with international guidelines (12). The stress was of moderate degree in majority of students and academic stress was the most common stress and active coping was most commonly used and substance use was less commonly used. Background: This work aimed to ascertain future pharmacists stressors and stress-coping practices. and L.-A.H.; Writing-Review & Editing, A.H. and M.H. The perceived stress and approach to learning effects on academic performance among Sudanese medical students. Table 3 presents the outcome of the responses based on residential status as provided by the respondents. Hadjistavropoulos HD, MacLeod FK, Asmundson GJ. This research received no external funding. From the Schools student records, the mean age of the Year 2 cohort was 20.75 years, and the mean age of the Year 4 cohort was 22.67 years in February 2018. Establishing information on gender in the context of stress was of particular interest, as two of the academic authors (Lezley-Anne Hanna and Maurice Hall) had previously determined mean academic grades of the female and male students on the degree course and found that females outperformed their male counterparts academically, particularly in final year (Year 4). Section C related to stress-coping mechanisms, and respondents were asked to select as many stress-coping options as they wished from a comprehensive list. The adapted questionnaire is reproduced in Appendix 1. Les analyses psychomtriques incluaient une analyse factorielle confirmatoire, la fiabilit, value selon la cohrence interne (coefficient alpha de Cronbach) et la fiabilit test-retest (coefficients de corrlation intraclasse), ainsi que la validit conceptuelle, value en calculant les corrlations entre les sous-chelles du CSQ-R et les mesures de la douleur (chelle dvaluation numrique), lincapacit (Sickness Impact Profile chelle de Roland), la dpression (Center for Epidemiological Studies chelle de dpression) et ladaptation (inventaire dadaptation la douleur chronique) (corrlation de Pearson). Depression, anxiety and symptoms of stress among Hong Kong nurses: A cross-sectional study. This model adequately fits the data obtained from our sample, which suggests that coping strategies can be thoroughly described as a process with six components. The difficulties encountered by the translators were overcome by means of careful wording. Pharmacy: Journal of Pharmacy Education and Practice, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, https://www.ajpe.org/doi/abs/10.5688/ajpe6560, http://www.mindgarden.com/132-perceived-stress-scale, http://murraylax.org/rtutorials/medians.pdf. The site is secure. It is a multi-dimensional inventory developed to asses the different coping strategies people use in response to stress. Academic stress level and gender. James B.O., Thomas I.F., Omoaregba J.O., Okogbenin E.O., Okonoda K.M., Ibrahim A.W., Salihu A.S., Oshodi Y.O., Orovwigho A., Odinka P.C., et al. The coping strategies that were felt most appropriate to combat the potential stressors under evaluation were assessed using a 28-item BC, the Brief COPE, popularly utilized as a behavioral self-regulation model (Folkman and Lazarus, 1980). Associations between pharmacy students attitudes toward debt, stress, and student loans. The three most commonly selected degree-specific stressors were objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs) (interpolated median 3.71), the volume of material to learn in the allocated timeframe (interpolated median 3.65), and one-off written examinations (interpolated median 3.53). Again, there was a space for respondents to record other stress-coping mechanisms, should the list not suffice. They board a ship bound to U.S. The Background and Objectives Stress, burnout, and coping have been found to be interlinked with each other. Course Hero uses AI to attempt to automatically extract content from documents to surface to you and others so you can study better, e.g., in search results, to enrich docs, and more. As can be seen in Figure 1, females had higher interpolated medians than males for most stressors. Common degree-specific stressors were particular assessments (objective structured clinical examinations and one-off written examinations) and the amount of course material. The Chronic Pain Coping Inventory-42: Reliability and validity. Le questionnaire a t labor en fonction de recommandations internationales. (2005). No significant floor/ ceiling effects were found, which suggests the scale correctly assesses its construct. This was tested by means of internal consistency, which reflects the inter-relatedness among the items (Cronbachs alpha, with a value >0.70 being considered acceptable), and test-retest stability, which measures reliability over time (intraclass correlation coefficient 2,1 with good and excellent reliability being indicated by values of 0.70 to 0.85 and >0.85, respectively) (13). While the main stressors are unsurprising, this UK data enables comparisons to be made and helps inform support mechanisms within the university. Langrock, A.M., Compas, B.E., Keller, G., Merchant, M.J., & Copeland, M. E. (2002). 1) Perceived Stress. Stress, debt and undergraduate medical performance. More female students than males sought emotional support from friends (3b) and family (3a), comfort ate (3p), and meditated/prayed (3m). What problems do you most encounter in school? ; Resources, M.W. 44 1834290013; . Hanna L.-A., Davidson S., Hall M. A questionnaire study investigating undergraduate pharmacy students opinions on assessment methods and an integrated five-year pharmacy degree. Are you aware of stress management techniques? The extent to which an instruments score relates to the score of the theoretical construct of another instrument as expected was investigated by means of hypothesis testing (13). Getting at least seven hours of sleep at night, eating three meals each day, exercising at Hamel Rec., going for a walk, laughing with others, taking a hot shower to relax at night - these are good things for ourselves. Step 3 ended when the committee agreed on a penultimate version of the Italian CSQ-Revised. Jensen IB, Linton SJ. Stressors illustrated by Year (n = 99 Year 2 and n = 114 Year 4, except 2k where n = 113). Similarly, children and adolescents can experience variety of . Dimensions of pain-related cognitive coping: Cross-validation of the factor structure of the Coping Strategies Questionnaire. Stress coping mechanisms of student respondents (n = 213 for all; n = 58 male; n = 152 female; n = 99 Year 2 and n = 114 Year 4). Translations of the CSQ have been validated and allow comparisons among different populations and countries (911). The aim of the study was to investigate stress and its coping strategies among nursing students in Malawi. laborer une version italienne du questionnaire rvis sur les stratgies dadaptation (CSQ-R) et la valider auprs de 345 sujets italiens souffrant de douleur chronique. The . The questionnaire consisted of four sections. Increasing attention is being devoted to cognitive-behavioural measures to improve interventions for chronic pain. Others suggested improving the academic environment (Neveu et al., 2012), problem-focused and emotion-focused strategies are the preferred choice to alleviate stress, the use of the student counseling services (Iqbal et al., 2015), and curricular and policy changes aiming at assisting students in coping with identified stressors (Harikiran et . Do you think you have more university work than you should have? Do you think stress help to complete your work at time? Data analysis largely took the form of descriptive statistics. Additionally, some statements were quite broad, such as the choice of career option (although this was not picked up at the pilot stage). The Chronic Pain Coping Inventory: Development and preliminary validation. Queste strategie includono dire cose a noi stessi quando si prova dolore o quando si svolgono le attivit quotidiane. It responded satisfactorily to the requirements of relevance and completeness, and appeared to be fully applicable to everyday clinical practice. Each item is answered using a four-point scale (0 = rarely; 3 = most of the time); thus, the total score ranges from 0 to 60 (higher scores indicate worse depressive symptoms) (21). ); ku.ca.buq@llah.m (M.H. The COPE inventory was created by Carver (1989). Problem-oriented and emotion-oriented coping techniques are the two types of coping strategies. The Community Mental Health Assessment Survey and the CES-D scale. As expected, Catastrophizing (from r=0.27 to r=0.49) and Praying (from r=0.14 to r=0.23) were statistically significantly and positively related to other similar constructs. Patients and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in April 2020 among 563 public health and preventive . One of the main strengths was that this was one of few studies on stress to be performed on UK pharmacy students and to include comparisons by gender. Correlations between the Coping Strategies Questionnaire Revised (CSQ-R) subscales and pain, disability and depression, CES-D Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; NRS Numerical rating scale; SIP-Roland Sickness Impact Profile Roland Scale. CFA met all of the fit criteria confirming the model on the present sample (Table 2) (7). How often do you feel stressed? 25 The instrument consists of 14 sub-scale with two items under each scale for a total of 28 items. (can answer more than once) () boring lessons () boring teachers () very easy lessons () unexciting environment () I don't know () every day is always the same 10. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Many people like to take informal questionnaires to learn more about themselves. students to learn how to manage the academic stress, even if it cannot be eliminated. The translated versions were submitted to an expert committee of bilingual (Italian and English speaking) clinicians, methodologists, psychometricians and the translators. You'll be glad you did. It can be recommended for use in chronic pain research and multidisciplinary pain assessments. be provided for students and skills that will promote problem coping strategies should be taught directly in the classroom at various institutions. 3.4. The original form was tested in English-speaking subjects and showed acceptable internal consistency (Cronbachs alpha estimates ranging from 0.72 to 0.86) and satisfactory construct validity ie, maladaptive strategies, such as Catastrophizing and Praying, were positively associated with negative effects and negatively associated with the level of activity, whereas adaptive strategies, such as Ignoring pain sensations and Coping self-statements, were positively associated with the level of activity (7). 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More Year 2 than Year 4 students considered degree aspects such as oral presentations, role play with staff, and practical laboratory classes stressful, perhaps because Year 4 students have more experience doing these aspects of the degree and hence may be better able to cope with them (i.e., find them less stressful). The tool has 3 sections consisting of demographic data as section A, Perceived Stress Scale as Section B, and Coping Strategies Scale as . A further review by experts and the testing of the penultimate version confirmed the correctness of the process of translation/back-translation and the content of the items. Stress-Coping Mechanisms and Practices (Section C of the Questionnaire) The findings relating to stress coping mechanisms are illustrated in Figure 3. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Please rate how strongly you agree or disagree with each of the following statements by. The psychometric analyses included confirmatory factor analysis; reliability, assessed by internal consistency (Cronbachs alpha) and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients); and construct validity, assessed by calculating the correlations between the subscales of the CSQ-R and measures of pain (numerical rating scale), disability (Sickness Impact Profile Roland Scale), depression (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale) and coping (Chronic Pain Coping Inventory) (Pearsons correlation). Accessibility Le persone sviluppano strategie per fronteggiare e gestire il dolore che sentono. The inventory is a list of statements that participants review and score. The factorial structure of the CSQ-Revised was confirmed, and the satisfactory item-scale correlations enabled us to include all of the 27 items, as originally proposed (7). Exercise as a stress coping mechanism in a pharmacy student population. Bamuhair S.S., Al Farhan A.I., Althubaiti A., Agha S., Ibrahim N.O. Patients who had experienced recent cerebrovascular accidents, myocardial infarctions, or chronic lung or renal diseases were also excluded. The mean Perceived Stress Scale score was 19.94 [standard deviation (SD) 6.37], with females having a higher mean score than males (20.55 SD 5.67 versus 18.16 SD 7.42). A total of190 students from grades 11 and 12 (mean age: 16.72 years) from three government-aided and three private schools in Kolkata India were surveyed in the study. Validity of the Sickness Impact Profile Roland as a measure of dysfunction in chronic pain patients. () yes () no 7. Or maybe you think no one will like you if you fail. Sociodemographic characteristics of the population (n=345). ; Methodology, L.-A.H. and M.H. Irachabal S, Koleck M, Rascle N, Bruchon-Schweitzer M. Pain coping strategies: French adaptation of the Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ-F). In terms of data analysis, the responses from the completed questionnaires were coded and entered into Microsoft Excel 2016 (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA) in February 2018.
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