[7] A number of earthquakes were recorded in early February 2012. [26] Tertiary sediment and volcanic rocks can also be found. [100] Trace elements include arsenic, boron and titanium, with smaller amounts of barium, chromium, copper, lead, strontium and zinc. In the case of the Andes, the oceanic Nazca Plate and part of the oceanic Antarctic Plate slide towards the continental South American Plate. [81], Magma erupted by Lascar appears to form from the mixing of mafic and more evolved magmas; the 1993 eruption deposits contain bands of different rocks. Saumya joshi. [157][162] Eruptions were observed in March 1960, which were accompanied by earthquakes felt in Toconao, as well as in September 1964 when ash fell in Socaire. Lscar Google Earth Placemark with Features Cite Volcano Profile Chile Stratovolcano (es) 2017 CE Country Primary Volcano Type Last Known Eruption 23.37S 67.73W 5592 m 18346 ft 355100 Latitude Longitude Summit Elevation Volcano Number 2022 Microsoft Corporation Terms Latest Activity Reports Weekly Reports Bulletin Reports Synonyms & Subfeatures [225] The eruption ended around 15:32 on 20 April,[222] although some explosions occurred in the following days. [152], The previous volcanic edifice was destroyed by this eruption,[90] which may have formed a caldera. [245] High nickel concentrations in crops from Talabre appear to be caused by volcanic activity as well. Lascar is just left of Aguas Calientes, which is the central cone. [46], The 9-kilometre-long (5.6mi) Quebrada de Chaile, the 17-kilometre-long (11mi) Quebrada de Soncor and the 17-kilometre-long (11mi) Quebrada de Talabre canyons run towards Salar de Atacama; they are 3080 metres (98262ft) deep and 80500 metres (2601,640ft) wide. Finally, the andesitic pumice Tumbres flow is found on the northwestwestsouthwestern slopes of Lascar. [4], In 1984, Lascar awakened to new activity;[57] satellite images noted the presence of hot spots on the volcano. [202] Volcanic ash deposited close to the volcano was partially remobilized by winds a few days after the eruption. [54] Six craters are located on the volcano,[29] but sometimes only five craters are counted, in which case the central crater is considered to be the active one. Today the volcanic complex consists of the dormant western edifice and the active eastern edifice, the latter comprising three overlapping craters. [86] After the end of stage I, a period of glacial erosion occurred prior to new activity,[72] which created furrows in the Saltar flow. On 17 December 1993, another explosion created an eruption column 810 kilometres (5.06.2mi) high. The equilibrium line at Lascar was at an altitude of 4,7004,800 metres (15,40015,700ft) during the last glacial maximum. [40] MioceneQuaternary volcanic centres in the neighbourhood include Cerro Negro in the north, Acamarachi northeast, Tumisa southwest, and the Cordon de Puntas Negras in the south,[41] which Lascar is sometimes considered to be part of. It is an andesitic to dacitic stratovolcano with six overlapping craters, trending roughly northeast, with the active, fuming crater located near the center. [137] This edifice is the currently active one, with the deepest of its three summit craters being active. [60] These craters are not collapsed calderas,[57] and there is no evidence of the deposits a large explosion would produce. [235] The eruptions of April 1993 and September 1986 were both preceded by a reduction of thermal radiation observed by Thematic Mapper. [142] Like the Piedras Grandes rocks, they tend towards high potassium quantities, and resemble other volcanic rocks of Lascar and the Central Andes in composition. According to SEGEMAR the pyroclastic flows traveled short distances to the N and SE. [47] Originally considered part of stage III, it was more recently attributed to stage IV given the considerable (6,000 years) temporal gap between the Tumbres eruption and stage III volcanism, and the geochemistry of the rocks. In the Central Volcanic Zone, volcanism has been active for 120 million years, although it has undergone eastward migration during this time. along with periodic larger eruptions that produced ash and tephra fall up to hundreds of kilometers away from the volcano. [227] Precipitation at Lascar is about 50100 millimetres per year (2.03.9in/year) and consists mostly of snow. On 20 February 1990, an eruption column rose 814 kilometres (5.08.7mi) above the crater,[57] resulting in ash fall over 100 kilometres (62mi) away from the volcano. [132], Activity subsequently shifted to the eastern edifice. [118], Sulfur and chlorine may be derived from the crust, evaporites such as these found at Salar de Atacama, subducted lithosphere or the mantle. A number of such xenoliths formed from carbonate rocks that were influenced by magma[96][83] of Lascar and of other volcanoes such as Tumisa. [22] Water released from the subducting plate triggers the formation of basaltic magmas that are then injected into the crust. The magma supplied to the volcano ultimately comes from the subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South America Plate. [27] Given the low population density around many of these volcanoes, there is often little information on their activity. [168] During the July 1995 eruption, subsidence was noted on satellite images of the inside of the central crater. [104], Gases are partly supplied from shallow magma; the volume of magma erupted is too small to contain all the exhalations. [138] An ice cap formed over Lascar at that time, feeding two glaciers that extended northeast and southeast away from the volcano. Further, fractures permitting gas passage are obstructed when the magma contracts. [130] The long-term magma supply rate of Lascar is about 0.08 cubic kilometres per millennium (80,000m3/a),[131] the volcano has produced about 3040 cubic kilometres (7.29.6cumi) of rock. Another large-scale feature is a hotspot, where a plate rides over a rising plume of hot mantle, creating a line of volcanoes on top of the plate. [36], Lascar is a steep volcano[7] formed by two irregularly shaped truncated cones that extend eastwest,[52][53] on a trend that includes Aguas Calientes. This pulse generated an eruption column 23 kilometres (14mi) high. [95], A number of xenoliths occur in Lascar's rocks; a large amount of the phenocrysts are ultimately derived from them. [116] The release of gas by the magma is favoured by strong temperature contrasts between incoming magma and the magma chamber,[94] and processes occurring during the mixing may explain the high emission of sulfur dioxide by Lascar. [6] The present-day snowline in the region lies at an altitude of 6,050 metres (19,850ft), higher than the summit of Lascar. These ignimbrites form a 3 steep slope in the area. [31] The largest historical eruption occurred at Huaynaputina in 1600. The next day, additional explosions occurred at 15:04, 15:05 and 17:39 UTC, with a maximum column height of 7 kilometres (4.3mi). Other volcanic centres are also located on this line,[54] including the Corona and Saltar lava domes, and the Miscanti and Lejia volcanoes. Which volcano to choose? Contact of lead scientist: T.R. On December 9 small amounts of fine ash were emitted from fumaroles and the next day the activity was back to normal levels with only gas and steam emitted. These rocks have a composition mainly characterized as "two-pyroxene",[a] but the old Piedras Grandes and Soncor rocks contain hornblende. [79] The magmas are contaminated by the local crust, but not to the extent found in the Galan or Purico complex eruption products. The lava dome had disappeared, but in early 1992, another lava dome formed, eventually reaching a size of 180190 metres (590620ft) width and 40 metres (130ft) height, and was accompanied by explosions. It is composed of two separate cones with several summit craters. [129] Landsat images taken during this time indicate that a lava lake may have existed in the central crater,[163] generating a plume of volcanic gases and, in September 1986, a vulcanian eruption happened and dropped ash in Salta, Argentina. [72], Hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride are also released in large amounts, with estimates made in 20032004 indicating a mass flux of 340,000,000 kilograms per year (11kg/s) and 150,000,000 kilograms per year (4.8kg/s) respectively. The western edifice generated a complex of lava domes (stage II),[53] which was probably surrounded by a horseshoe-shaped crater open to the west. This unit, formed during stage II, is known as Piedras Grandes,[53]and is exposed on the western slopes below about 4,900 metres (16,100ft) altitude. [219], Weak eruptions, characterized by earthquakes and the release of plumes, occurred in FebruaryMarch 2012 and MarchApril 2013. It probably started shrinking in April 1992, although the shrinkage was directly visible only in November. [178] The first pyroclastic flow was observed around 10:12 on 19 April. [59][105] This corresponds to about 1% of global volcanic sulfur emissions, and is comparable to Kilauea and Villarica. It has a volume of 56 cubic kilometres (1.21.4cumi). Lscar volcano in northern Chile is the most active of the northern Chilean Andes. [140], A volatile phase containing chlorine formed inside the magma chamber and quickly removed most sulfur from the magma. At the time preceding the eruption, the magma chamber had a thermal stratification;[151] injections of mafic magmas had heated the magma chamber and induced convection. [248], Volcanic activity at Lascar affects neighbouring ecosystems such as the Aguas Calientes crater lake and Laguna Lejia; flamingos disappeared from the latter after the 1993 eruption and did not return until 2007. How to watch volcanoes? It is about 800 m in diameter and 300 m deep. During earthquakes which type of fault results when one plate is compressed up onto another plate. [175] The total mass flux of the eruption was about 10,000,000100,000,000 kilograms per second (860,000,0008.64109t/d), comparable to the 1982 eruption of El Chichon. The plates are so close to each other that they start to mash together, and this causes the Earth's mantle to escape from the Earth. [67], The stage II activity was accompanied by the eruption of block and ash flows consisting of andesite, and an eruption whose deposits include blocks with sizes of 15 metres (49ft). Test. Volcanoes are most common in these geologically active boundaries. Volcanic activity is characterized by constant release of volcanic gas and occasional vulcanian eruptions. At least nine units form the Saltar deposit, with the northern flows displaying flow welding. [59] Three eruptions in October 2002 formed ash columns that rose 5002,500 metres (1,6008,200ft), while an explosion in December 2003 created a column 400500 metres (1,3001,600ft) high. Carbon in the gases may come from skarn assimilation. Its rocks have a pale gray-blue colour, and their composition resembles the Soncor flow, despite more mafic lavas and pyroclastics being erupted in the time period between the emplacement of the Soncor flow and the Capricorn Lava. [78] SiO2 concentrations range from 55.5 to 67.8% by weight, and the rocks have medium to large concentrations of potassium. [80] The magma interacts with former salar deposits before ascending. On the southeastern flank, the pyroclastic flows formed a fan extending several hundred metres into Pampa Leija. [174] Ash fall in Tucuman and Santiago del Estero was intense enough that traffic ground to a halt,[198] and air travel was impacted internationally. [164] This eruption was the most significant of the previous two decades,[163] having a VEI of 3. [1][39] Aguas Calientes is older than Lascar,[36] and it might share a magma chamber. lascar volcano volcano type stratco or composite eruption history volcano location type of lava flow eruption type last eruption:October 31 Chile andesite plate boundaries and where the volcano is formed or located how lascar was formed plate boundaries: convergent subduction. [67], A major Plinian eruption occurred 26,450 500 years ago,[137] releasing 1015 cubic kilometres (2.43.6cumi) of ejecta, both volcanic ash and pyroclastic flows. [242] In 1982,[243] the town of Talabre was moved for safety reasons[52] stemming from flooding and volcanic activity,[243] and ballistic blocks ejected by the volcano are a threat to mountaineers and scientists working on Lascar. [247] In 1993, yearly precipitation at several towns around Lascar ranged from 2.5 to 20.1 millimetres (0.098 to 0.791in). During minor explosive eruptions, eruption columns reach heights of up to 5,000 metres (16,000ft). [47] This Plinian deposit reaches thicknesses of 22 metres (72ft) and fell from a 22-to-30-kilometre-high (14 to 19mi) eruption column. The flow deposit was later modified by glacial activity. the Pacific . [88] Magma petrology implies that there is another reservoir at 6 kilometres (3.7mi) depth. [157] The 1933 eruption was seen as far away as Chuquicamata. The name originates from the Atacameo word lskar or lassi (English: tongue), thought to refer to the shape of the volcano. [56] Measurements made from 1961 to 1997 determined that the eastern crater is 1 kilometre (0.62mi) wide and 150200 metres (490660ft) deep[57] and thus the largest,[53] the central crater is 600 metres (2,000ft) wide and 100200 metres (330660ft) deep, and the western crater is 800 metres (2,600ft) wide and 200300 metres (660980ft) deep,[57] increasing to 400 metres (1,300ft) depth in 20052006. [36], The volcano sits above a major local geological trend, the northsouth Miscanti Line. Test. [92] The conditions at the magma chamber may be comparable to these under which epithermal mineral deposits form. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [54] The Soncor flow is found primarily on the western side of Lascar, with part of it also southeast of Lascar. A new western edifice was constructed on top of the Soncor vent, during the Holocene activity then shifted again to the eastern edifice and continues there to this day. [60] This eruption was the last effusive eruption of Lascar, when later lava domes are excluded. [54], Large lava flows are noticeable on the flanks of the volcano,[34] with a total of eight lava flows recognized. [34] It probably formed when one of the craters filled with andesitic lava to the point of overflow. [104] Overall sulfur output ranges between 200 and 2,300 tonnes per day (2.3 and 26.6kg/s). It is the most active volcano in the region, with records of eruptions going back to 1848. Geoth. [100] Steam explosions caused by rainfall have been reported. Trenches mark subduction zones. [78] This occurs because as the magma loses its gas content, the number of pores in it, and thus its permeability to gas, decreases. [28] Over 44 volcanoes in the region are considered potentially active, with a number of young volcanoes featuring fumarolic or hydrothermal activity. [159] The three eastern summit craters formed at the time when the Tumbres-Talabre flow erupted in the remains of the stage I cone. [144], The magma erupted was generated in a magma chamber starting from andesite, which underwent complex petrogenetic processes. [246], The area around Lascar is one of the driest and highest volcanic settings in the world. [128] The towns of Tumbres and Talabre may be affected by pyroclastic flows, and ash falls can occur east of the volcano. What type of plate boundary is creating lascar volcano? [249] 8,500 years ago, the climate in the region became much drier, and the amount of erosion decreased substantially. [182] Hot pyroclastic flows on the southeastern flank covered a surface area of 1318.5 kilometres (8.111.5mi). [56] The eruption released about 400,000 tonnes (390,000 long tons; 440,000 short tons) of sulfur dioxide, about half the quantity released by the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens,[207] and was sufficient to cause a noticeable increase in atmospheric opacity. [34] This lava flow is known as the TumbresTalabre lava flow; its margins are 1040 metres (33131ft) high, and it features a central channel. The flow advanced just north of the head of Quebrada Talabre before passing over cliffs and entering it. In 1985, a 150-by-150-metre (490ft 490ft) hot spot in this crater was observed in satellite images. [129] In March 1990, the lava dome had a temperature of 100200C (212392F), with some parts exceeding 900C (1,650F). [16] These volcanic zones are separated by areas where recent volcanism is absent; one common theory is that the subduction processes responsible for volcanism form a subducting plate that is too shallow to trigger the formation of magma. On the western slope, it buries the even older Piedras Grandes flow, which crops out only at the margins of the Soncor flow. 2017-03-03 22:36:33. Our expert volcanologists and photographers offer unique travel experiences: Lascar Volcano, Chile (Photo: Jiri VonDrak). The case of June 13th, 2015 Ojos del Salado false volcanic eruption", "Trends in the nonvolcanic component of stratospheric aerosol over the period 19712004", "Identificacin de fases portadoras y flujos de mercurio en el registro sedimentario de la Laguna del Plata, regin central de Argentina", "SERNAGEOMIN da a conocer nuevo ranking de volcanes", "Red Nacional de Vigilancia Volcnica de Chile", "El riesgo de desastres en la planificacin del territorio", Ministry of Federal Planning, Public Investment and Services, "How will melting of ice affect volcanic hazards in the twenty-first century? [39], The Tumbres eruption occurred around 7250 BCE,[157] commencing with the eruption of pumice falls that reach thicknesses of less than 1.2 metres (3ft 11in). Subsequently, a number of fumaroles were active around the crater. Volcanoes at convergent plate boundaries are found all along the Pacific Ocean basin, primarily at the edges of the Pacific, Cocos, and Nazca plates. [156], Heavy metal exposure is a problem for the region. For some eruptions, including the January 1854 eruption, it is not clear whether they occurred at Lascar or Aguas Calientes,[157] and some early reports of volcanic activity at Aguas Calientes probably refer to Lascar. Lascar is the most active volcano in the central Andes. Science of Geology and Scientific Method 1. [72] Persistent snow cover exists on the western and southern slopes of the volcano; it contributes partly to the fumarole water. 3. The Soncor magma chamber may have been too deep to collapse when it was emptied, explaining why no significant caldera was formed. [47] Lava flows from this stage have thicknesses of 2060 metres (66197ft) and lengths reaching 5 kilometres (3.1mi). Hikers were near the crater and took video of the eruption. Add an answer . [34] Yet another eruption sequence occurred between 1959 and 1969. It is about 800 m in diameter and 300 m deep. [14], Volcanoes in the Andes occur in four separate regions: the Northern Volcanic Zone between 2N and 5S, the Central Volcanic Zone between 16S and 28S, the Southern Volcanic Zone between 33S and 46S,[15] and the Austral Volcanic Zone, south of the Southern Volcanic Zone. Lascar has been active since at least 56,000 years ago, though some argue for activity beginning 220,000 years ago. [189] Pumice mostly accumulated on the surface of the flows, and individual stones are up to 30 centimetres (12in) wide. [15] Volcanic centres include calderas and associated large ignimbrites, lava domes and stratovolcanoes;[21] among the better-researched volcanoes are Galan, Nevados de Payachata, Ollague, Purico Complex, San PedroSan Pablo, La Pacana, Tata Sabaya and Tumisa. [20], Of these volcanic zones, the Central Volcanic Zone of which Lascar is a member of[21] is the largest, covering parts of Peru, Bolivia, Argentina and Chile. [89], The oldest volcanic activity at Lascar occurred between 220,000[6] and less than 50,000 years ago. Lascar is an andesitic-to-dacitic stratovolcano with 3 . [31] Larger particles fell closer to the volcano, while smaller particles were carried farther. [54] Exposures of the basement are often delimited by faults. Written By. [38], Lascar is located in the main volcanic arc, on the western margin of the Altiplano. [226] Other eruptions were recorded in November 2006 and July 2007. [229] This eruption may have been triggered by a precipitation event which added water to the volcan's hydrothermal system. An eruption event known as Piedras Grandes was followed by the large Soncor eruption. [213] The 1993 eruption was followed by a significant increase in the fluorine content of plants covered by the ash. What makes an effective presentation + effective presentation strategies Aug. 12, 2022 The biggest eruption of Lascar in historical time was in 1993 and produced pyroclastic flows, which traveled 8.5 km NW of the summit, and ashfall in Buenos Aires. [216][217], An eruption in July 2000 was seen from Chuquicamata, and the noise was audible as far as San Antonio de los Cobres, 160 kilometres (99mi) away. [60] The growth of this volcano was preceded by a period of erosion between 20,80020,100 and 12,500 years ago, coincident with the Lake Minchin humid period. Why do people study Geology? [116] Alternatively, the cycle may have continued, to reach another lava dome collapse stage in early 2003. 92 views 3 minutes ago In Chile, the Lascar volcano unexpectedly erupted on December 10th, sending a plume of ash more than 6,000 meters or 19,700 feet above what was already one of the world's. Active around the crater and took video of the page across from the subduction the. 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